-
1 cum
cum GEN, STOCK mit -
2 Cum
1.cum (archaic form COM, found in an inscr., COM PREIVATVD; in MSS. sometimes quom or quum), prep. with abl. [for skom, Sanscr. root sak, together; cf. sequor, and Gr. koinos, sun], designates in gen. accompaniment, community, connection of one object with another (opp. sine, separatim, etc.), with, together, together with, in connection or company with, along with; sometimes also to be translated and.I.In gen., Plaut. Am. prol. 95:b.qui cum Amphitruone abiit hinc in exercitum,
id. ib. prol. 125:cum Pansā vixi in Pompeiano,
Cic. Att. 14, 20, 4:semper ille antea cum uxore, tum sine eā,
id. Mil. 21, 55:quibuscum essem libenter,
id. Fam. 5, 21, 1; cf.:cum quibus in ceteris intellegis afuisse,
id. Sull. 3, 7:si cenas hodie mecum,
Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 70:vagamur egentes cum conjugibus et liberis,
Cic. Att. 8, 2, 3:errare malo cum Platone, etc.,
id. Tusc. 1, 17, 39:qui unum imperium unumque magistratum cum ipsis habeant,
Caes. B. G. 2, 3 et saep.—In an expression of displeasure:B.in' hinc, quo dignus, cum donis tuis Tam lepidis,
Ter. Eun. 4, 3, 9; cf. Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 33; Ter. And. 5, 4, 38; id. Eun. 1, 2, 73; id. Heaut. 4, 6, 7 al.—In a designation of time with which some action concurs:C.egone abs te abii hinc hodie cum diluculo?
Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 121; so,cum primo luci,
id. Cist. 2, 1, 58:cras cum filio cum primo luci ibo hinc,
Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 55; Cic. Off. 3, 31, 112; cf.:cum primā luce,
id. Att. 4, 3, 4; and:cum primo lumine solis,
Verg. A. 7, 130: cum primo mane, Auct. B. Afr. 62: cum mane, Lucil. ap. Diom. p. 372 P:pariter cum ortu solis,
Sall. J. 106, 5:pariter cum occasu solis,
id. ib. 68, 2; cf.:cum sole reliquit,
Verg. A. 3, 568 et saep.:mane cum luci simul,
Plaut. Merc. 2, 1, 31; v. simul: exiit cum nuntio (i. e. at the same time with, etc.), Caes. B. G. 5, 46; cf.: cum his nuntius Romam ad consulendum redit ( = hama toisde), Liv. 1, 32, 10:simul cum dono designavit templo Jovis fines,
id. 1, 10, 5; cf.:et vixisse cum re publicā pariter, et cum illā simul extinctus esse videatur,
Cic. de Or. 3, 3, 10.—In designating the relations, circumstances, way, and manner with which any act is connected, by which it is accompanied, under or in which it takes place, etc., with, in, under, in the midst of, among, to, at: aliquid cum malo suo facere, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 4, 4; cf.:b.cum magnā calamitate et prope pernicie civitatis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:cum summā rei publicae salute et cum tuā peste ac pernicie cumque eorum exitio, qui, etc.,
id. Cat. 1, 13, 33:cum magno provinciae periculo,
Caes. B. G. 1, 10:cum summo probro,
Ter. And. 5, 3, 10: cum summo terrore hominum, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24, 6:cum summā tuā dignitate,
Cic. Fin. 4, 22, 61:cum bonā alite,
Cat. 61, 19:ferendum hoc onus est cum labore,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 21; cf. Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 59:multis cum lacrimis aliquem obsecrare,
amid many tears, Caes. B. G. 1, 20; cf.:hunc ipsum abstulit magno cum gemitu civitatis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 19, § 49:orare cum lacrimis coepere,
Liv. 5, 30, 5:si minus cum curā aut cautelā locus loquendi lectus est,
Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 6 Ritschl; so,cum curā,
Cic. Inv. 1, 39, 70; Sall. J. 54, 1; Liv. 22, 42, 5 et saep.; cf.:cum summo studio,
Sall. C. 51, 38:cum quanto studio periculoque,
Liv. 8, 25, 12 al.:cum multā venustate et omni sale,
Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 9:summā cum celeritate ad exercitum rediit,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 52:maximo cum clamore involant,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 89:cum clamore,
Liv. 2, 23, 8; 5, 45, 2:cum clamore ac tumultu,
id. 9, 31, 8; cf.:Athenienses cum silentio auditi sunt,
id. 38, 10, 4; 7, 35, 1:illud cum pace agemus,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 29, 83:cum bonā pace,
Liv. 1, 24, 3; 21, 24, 5:cum bonā gratiā,
Cic. Fat. 4, 7:cum bonā veniā,
Liv. 29, 1, 7; cf.:cum veniā,
Ov. Tr. 4, 1, 104; Quint. 10, 1, 72:cum virtute vivere,
Cic. Fin. 3, 8, 29; cf. id. ib. 2, 11, 34:cum judicio,
Quint. 10, 1, 8:cum firmā memoriā,
id. 5, 10, 54:legata cum fide ac sine calumniā persolvere,
Suet. Calig. 16:spolia in aede... cum sollemni dedicatione dono fixit,
Liv. 4, 20, 3.—Attributively, with subst.:2.et huic proelium cum Tuscis ad Janiculum erat crimini,
Liv. 2, 52, 7 Weissenb. ad loc.:frumenti cum summā caritate inopia erat,
id. 2, 12, 1; 2, 5, 2; 7, 29, 3.—Cum eo quod, ut, or ne (in an amplification or limitation), with the circumstance or in the regard that, on or under the condition, with the exception, that, etc. (except once in Cic. epistt. not ante-Aug.).(α).Cum eo quod, with indic., Quint. 12, 10, 47 Spald.; 10, 7, 13; so,(β).cum eo quidem, quod, etc.,
id. 2, 4, 30. —With subj.:sit sane, quoniam ita tu vis: sed tamen cum eo, credo, quod sine peccato meo fiat,
Cic. Att. 6, 1, 7.—With ut:(γ).Antium nova colonia missa cum eo, ut Antiatibus permitteretur, si et ipsi adscribi coloni vellent,
Liv. 8, 14, 8; so id. 8, 14, 2; 30, 10, 21; 36, 5, 3; Cels. 3, 22.—So with tamen:cum eo tamen, ut nullo tempore is... non sit sustinendus,
Cels. 3, 5 fin.; 4, 6 fin. —With ne:3.obsequar voluntati tuae cum eo, ne dubites, etc.,
Col. 5, 1, 4:cum eo, ne amplius quam has urant,
Cels. 7, 22; and with tamen:cum eo tamen, ne, etc.,
id. 2, 17.—Cum dis volentibus, etc., with God's help, by the will of the gods, sun theôi:4.cum divis volentibus quodque bene eveniat mando tibi, Mani, etc.,
Cato, R. R. 141, 1: volentibu' cum magnis dis, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38:agite, cum dis bene juvantibus arma capite,
Liv. 21, 43, 7; so,cum superis,
Claud. Cons. Stil. III. p. 174.—Cum with an ordinal number (cum octavo, cum decimo, etc.) for our - fold, in economical lang., of the multiplication of cultivated products:D.ut ex eodem semine aliubi cum decimo redeat, aliubi cum quinto decimo,
ten-, fifteenfold, Varr. R. R. 1, 44, 1; so,cum octavo, cum decimo,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 47, § 112:cum centesimo,
Plin. 18, 10, 21, § 95; cf. with a subst.:cum centesimā fruge agricolis faenus reddente terrā,
id. 5, 4, 3, § 24.—With a means or instrument, considered as attending or accompanying the actor in his action (so most freq. anteclass., or in the poets and scientific writers): acribus inter se cum armis confligere, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 261, 6: effundit voces proprio cum pectore, Enn. ap. Serv. ad Verg. G. 2, 424: cum voce maximā conclamat, Claud. Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 10:II.cum linguā lingere,
Cat. 98, 3:cum suo gurgite accepit venientem (fluvius),
Verg. A. 9, 816:cum vino et oleo ungere,
Veg. 1, 11, 8 et saep.:terra in Augurum libris scripta cum R uno,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 21 Müll.In partic.A.Completing the meaning of verbs.1.With verbs of union, connection, and agreement: cum veteribus copiis se conjungere, Caes. B. G. 1, 37:2.ut proprie cohaereat cum narratione,
Auct. Her. 1, 7, 11:(haec) arbitror mihi constare cum ceteris scriptoribus,
id. 1, 9, 16:interfectam esse... convenit mihi cum adversariis,
id. 1, 10, 17; cf. Cic. Inv. 1, 22, 31:quī autem poterat in gratiam redire cum Oppianico Cluentius?
id. Clu. 31, 86:hanc sententiam cum virtute congruere semper,
id. Off. 3, 3, 13:foedera quibus etiam cum hoste devincitur fides,
id. ib. 3, 31, 111:capita nominis Latini stare ac sentire cum rege videbant,
Liv. 1, 52, 4:cum aliquo in gratiam redire,
id. 3, 58, 4:stabat cum eo senatūs majestas,
id. 8, 34, 1:conjurasse cum Pausaniā,
Curt. 7, 1, 6:Autronium secum facere,
Cic. Sull. 13, 36; cf. also conecto, colligo, consentio, compono, etc.—Of companionship, association, sharing, etc.:3.cum his me oblecto, qui res gestas aut orationes scripserunt suas,
Cic. de Or. 2, 14, 61:quoniam vivitur, non cum perfectis hominibus, sed cum iis, etc.,
id. Off. 1, 15, 46:nulla (societas) carior quam ea quae cum re publicā est unicuique nostrum,
id. ib. 1, 17, 51:cum civibus vivere,
id. ib. 1, 34, 124:cum M. Fabio mihi summus usus est,
id. Fam. 9, 25, 2; cf.:cum quibus publice privatimque hospitia amicitiasque junxerant,
Liv. 1, 45, 2:partiri cum Dinaeā matre jussit,
Cic. Clu. 7, 21:cum Baebio communicare,
id. ib. 16, 47; cf.of local association, nearness: cum mortuā jugulatum servum nudum positurum ait,
Liv. 1, 58, 4:duos tamen pudor cum eo tenuit,
id. 2, 10, 5.—Of intercourse, traffic, etc.:4.cum aliquo agere,
to deal with, Cic. Ac. 2, 35, 112; Caes. B. G. 1, 13:cum eo Accius injuriarum agit,
Auct. Her. 1, 14, 24:si par est agere cum civibus,
Cic. Off. 2, 23, 83; 3, 22, 88; id. Scaur. 10, 20; cf. id. Fam. 5, 18, 1; Liv. 1, 19, 7; 3, 9, 13; 4, 15, 2; Val. Max. 4, 3, 8:si mihi cum Peripateticis res esset,
Cic. Ac. 2, 35, 112:tecum enim mihi res est,
id. Rosc. Am. 30, 84:uni tibi et cum singulis res est,
Liv. 2, 12, 11:pacem cum Sabinis facere,
Cic. Off. 3, 30, 109.—Esp.: agere cum aliquo, to have a lawsuit with, Gai Inst. 4, 87; 4, 114 et saep.; v. ago, II. B. 8. a., and II. B. 9.; consisto, I. B. 5.; cf. also pango, etc.—Of deliberation and discussion:5.haec ego cum ipsis philosophis disserebam,
Cic. de Or. 1, 13, 57:tempus cum conjuratis consultando absumunt,
Liv. 2, 4, 3 et saep.; v. also cogito, reputo, dubito, etc.—Of strife, difference, etc.:6.quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt,
Caes. B. G. 1, 1:cum Cleanthe quam multis rebus Chrysippus dissidet!
Cic. Ac. 2, 47, 143:neque tam quererer cum deo quod, etc.,
id. ib. 2, 25, 81:cum quo Antiochum saepe disputantem audiebam,
id. ib. 2, 4, 11:cum stomacheretur cum Metello,
id. Or. 2, 66, 267:manu cum hoste confligere,
id. Off. 1, 23, 81:utilia cum honestis pugnare,
id. ib. 3, 7, 34: cum Catone dissentire. id. ib. 3, 22, 88:cum majoribus nostris bella gessit,
id. Scaur. 19, 45; Liv. 1, 35, 7; 7, 22, 4:cum Auruncis bellum inire,
id. 2, 16, 8; cf.:cum Volscis aequo Marte discessum est,
id. 2, 40, 14:inimicitias cum Africano gerere,
Val. Max. 4, 1, 8; Sen. Vit. Beat. 2, 3:cum Scipione dissentire,
Val. Max. 4, 1, 12:cum utrāque (uxore) divortium fecit,
Suet. Claud. 26; cf. also certo, pugno, discrepo, differo, distraho, dissentio, etc.—Of comparison:B.nec Arcesilae calumnia conferenda est cum Democriti verecundiā,
Cic. Ac. 2, 5, 14:hanc rationem dicendi cum imperatoris laude comparare,
id. de Or. 1, 2, 8:conferam Sullamne cum Junio,
id. Clu. 34, 94:(orationem) cum magnitudine utilitatis comparare,
id. Off. 2, 6, 20.—Pregn., implying the notion of being furnished, endowed, clothed with any thing, or of possessing, holding, suffering under, etc., in a lit. and trop. sense: ille vir haud magnā cum re sed plenus fidei, Enn. ap. Cic. Sen. 1, 1 (cf. the antith.:C.hominem sine re, sine fide,
Cic. Cael. 32, 78):a portu illuc nunc cum laternā advenit,
Plaut. Am. prol. 149:cadus cum vino,
id. Stich. 5, 1, 7; cf. id. Pers. 2, 3, 15:olla cum aquā,
Cato, R. R. 156:arcula cum ornamentis,
Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 91:fiscos cum pecuniā Siciliensi,
Cic. Verr. 1, 8, 22:onerariae naves cum commeatu,
Liv. 30, 24, 5 et saep.:cum servili schemā,
Plaut. Am. prol. 117;so of clothing,
id. Rud. 1, 4, 31; Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 24, § 54; 2, 5, 13, § 31; [p. 490] id. Rab. Post. 10, 27; Liv. 35, 34, 7; Suet. Claud. 13; Sil. 1, 94 et saep.:ut ne quis cum telo servus esset,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 3, § 7;so of weapons,
id. Phil. 2, 8, 19; cf.:inmissi cum falcibus, etc.,
id. Tusc. 5, 23, 65:vidi argenteum Cupidinem cum lampade,
holding, id. Verr. 2, 2, 47, § 115:simulacrum Cereris cum faucibus,
id. ib. 2, 4, 49, §109: cum elephanti capite puer natus,
Liv. 27, 11, 5; cf.:cum quinque pedibus natus,
id. 30, 2, 10; 33, 1, 11; 27, 4, 14 al.: omnia cum pulchris animis Romana juventus, Enn. ap. Don. ad Ter. Phorm. 3, 1, 1; cf.Ter. ib.: Minucius cum vulnere gravi relatus in castra,
Liv. 9, 44, 14:te Romam venisse cum febri,
Cic. Att. 6, 9, 1; so id. de Or. 3, 2, 6; id. Clu. 62, 175: cum eisdem suis vitiis nobilissimus, with all his faults, i. e. in spite of, id. ib. 40, 112:ex eis qui cum imperio sint,
id. Fam. 1, 1, 3 Manut.; cf.:cum imperio aut magistratu,
Suet. Tib. 12 Bremi; v. imperium.—With idem (never of the identity of two subjects, but freq. of the relation of two subjects to the same object, etc.;D.v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 538): tibi mecum in eodem est pistrino vivendum,
Cic. de Or. 2, 33, 144:quandoque tu... omnibus in eisdem flagitiis mecum versatus es,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 80, § 187:Numidae... in eādem mecum Africā geniti,
Liv. 30, 12, 15; 28, 28, 14; Tac. A. 15, 2; Val. Max. 6, 5, 3.—In the adverb. phrase, cum primis, with the foremost, i.e. especially, particularly (rare), Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 28, § 68; id. Brut. 62, 224.—Post-class. also as one word: cumprīmis, Gell. 1, 12, 7 al.► a.Cum in anastrophe. So always with the pers. pron.: mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, etc.; cf. Cic. Or. 45, 154; Prisc. pp. 949 and 988 P.; and in gen. with the rel. pron.:b.quocum (quīcum), quacum, quibuscum, quīcum (for quocum),
Cic. Or. 45, 154; Liv. 38, 9, 2; Cic. Att. 5, 1, 4; id. Verr. 2, 2, 31, §§ 76 and 77; Caes. B. G. 1, 8; Cic. Rep. 1, 10, 15; id. Att. 4, 9, 2; id. Off. 1, 35, 126; Quint. 8, 6, 65; 10, 5, 7; 11, 2, 38. But where cum is emphatic, or a demonstrative pron. is understood, cum is placed before the rel.; cf.:his de rebus velim cum Pompeio, cum Camillo, cum quibus vobis videbitur, consideretis,
Cic. Fam. 14, 14, 3:adhibuit sibi quindecim principes cum quibus causas cognovit,
id. Off. 2, 23, 82; Liv. 1, 45, 2.—Before et... et, connecting two substt.:III.cum et diurno et nocturno metu,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 23, 66.In compounds the primitive form com was alone in use, and was unchanged before b, p, m: comburo, compono, committo, and a few words beginning with vowels: comes, comitium, and comitor; m was assimilated before r: corripio; often before l: colligo or conligo; rarely before n, as connumero, but usually dropped: conecto, conitor, conubium; with the change of m into n before all the remaining consonants: concutio, condono, confero, congero, conqueror, consumo, contero, convinco; so, conjicio, etc., but more usually conicio; and with the rejection of m before vowels and before h: coarguo, coëo, coinquino, coopto, cohibeo.—B.It designates,1.A being or bringing together of several objects: coëo, colloquor, convivor, etc.: colligo, compono, condo, etc.—2.The completeness, perfecting of any act, and thus gives intensity to the signif. of the simple word, as in commaculo, commendo, concito, etc., comminuo, concerpo, concido, convello, etc.2.Cum (ante-class. quom; freq. in MSS. of Cicero; the post-class. form quum is incorrectly given in many MSS. and edd.), conj. [pronom. stem ka- or kva- with acc. case ending].I.Of time, when, as, while, sometimes = after, since.A.In adverbial clauses dependent on non-preterite predicates.1.The time designated by cum being indefinite, when, if, whenever, always with indic., except in the instances A. 2.a.Cum with pres. indic., often equivalent to si.(α).With principal predicate in pres.:(β).nam omnes id faciunt quom se amari intellegunt,
Plaut. Truc. prol. 17:facile, quom valemus, recta consilia aegrotis damus,
Ter. And. 2, 1, 9; Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 44; id. Poen. 4, 2, 20; id. Truc. 1, 1, 46; Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 11:cum semen maturum habet, tum tempestiva est,
Cato, R. R. 17; 41: quid? tum cum es iratus, permittis illi iracundiae dominationem animi tui? Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 59:cum permagna praemia sunt, est causa peccandi,
id. Off. 3, 20, 79; id. de Or. 3, 23, 87:quidam vivere tunc incipiunt cum desinendum est,
Sen. Ep. 23, 11.—With principal predicate in fut. (rare):(γ).ad cujus igitur fidem confugiet cum per ejus fidem laeditur cui se commiserit?
Cic. Rosc. Am. 40, 116; id. Leg. 3, 10, 24; id. Fl. 17, 40; Verg. A. 12, 208.—With principal predicate in logical perf. (mostly poet.):b.haud invito ad auris sermo mi accessit tuos, Quom te postputasse omnis res prae parente intellego,
Ter. Hec. 3, 5, 33:qui cum levati morbo videntur, in eum de integro inciderunt,
Cic. Fam. 12, 30, 2:(dolor) Cum furit... Profuit incensos aestus avertere ( = prodest),
Verg. G. 3, 457:nemo non, cum alteri prodest, sibi profuit,
Sen. Ep. 81, 19; Cic. Att. 4, 18, 1; Liv. 8, 8, 11; Verg. A. 9, 435; id. G. 1, 288.—With logical perf. indic.(α).With principal predicate in pres. (very freq.), the perf. translated either by English pres. perf. or by pres.: omnia sunt incerta cum a jure discessum est, when we ( once) disregard the law, Cic. Fam. 9, 16, 1:(β).gubernatores cum exultantes loligines viderunt... tempestatem significari putant,
id. Div. 2, 70, 145:cum depulsi sunt agni a matribus, diligentia adhibenda est ne, etc.,
Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 17:cum ejus generis copia defecit, ad innocentium supplicia descendunt,
Caes. B. G. 6, 16, 5:(hostis) cum intravit... modum a captivis non accipit,
Sen. Ira, 1, 8, 2:quia enim, cum prima cognovi, jungere extrema cupio,
Plin. Ep. 7, 10, 1; Cic. Or. 1, 33, 153; id. Div. 2, 26, 56; id. Brut. 24, 93; id. Cat. 4, 6, 12; id. Fam. 6, 3, 3; Auct. Her. 4, 50, 63; Caes. B. G. 4, 33; 5, 21; Liv. 22, 9, 8; 34, 31, 4; Val. Max. 8, 10 prooem.; 9, 6 init.; Sen. Ep. 3, 2; 21, 9; id. Cons. Helv. 13, 2; Curt. 3, 3, 18; Plin. 18, 7, 10, § 60; Quint. 4, 2, 122; 10, 7, 14.—In oblique clauses the perf. indic. may remain, or may be changed into perf. subj., even after preterites, Cic. Off. 1, 28, 26; 2, 20, 69.—With principal predicate in fut. ( poet.), Ov. P. 1, 5, 47.—(γ).With two logical perff. (rare):c.cum id factum est, tamen grex dominum non mutavit,
Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 6:quae cum se disposuit... summum bonum tetigit,
Sen. Vit. Beat. 8, 5; id. Tranq. 17, 11; id. Ben. 1, 1, 5. —With fut.(α).With principal predicate in fut.:(β).ita fere officia reperientur, cum quaeretur, quid deceat, etc.,
Cic. Off. 1, 34, 125; Auct. Her. 2, 7, 10; 2, 12, 17.— So with principal predicate in fut. imper:etiam tum cum verisimile erit aliquem commisisse... latratote,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 20, 57, id. Mur. 31, 65; id. Att. 3, 8, 4; Liv. 35, 19, 6.—With principal predicate in pres.:d.in talibus... stabilitas amicitiae confirmari potest, cum homines cupiditatibus imperabunt,
Cic. Lael. 22, 82; Val. Max. 4, 8 prooem.—With fut. perf.(α).With principal predicate in pres.:(β).quam (spem), cum in otium venerimus, habere volumus,
Cic. Att. 1, 7:nec irascimur illis cum sessorem recusaverint,
Sen. Const. 12, 3; id. Cons. Marc. 7, 2.—With principal predicate in fut. indic.:(γ).cum haec erunt considerata, statim nostrae legis expositione... utemur,
Auct. Her. 2, 10, 15:cum viderit secari patrem suum filiumve, vir bonus non flebit?
Sen. Ira, 1, 12, 1.—In oblique clauses, dependent on preterites, it is changed to the pluperf. subj.:qui tum demum beatum terrarum orbem futurum praedicavit cum aut sapientes regnare, aut reges sapere coepissent,
Val. Max. 7, 2, ext. 4.—With principal predicate in fut. imper.:(δ).cum tempestates pluviae fuerint, videtote quot dies, etc.,
Cato, R. R. 2, 3; 25 init.; 38.—With two fut. perff.:e.cum bene cesserit negotiatio, multum militia retulerit,
Sen. Cons. Helv. 10, 6.—In partic.(α).In definitions with pres, indic.:(β).humile genus est (causae) cum contempta res adfertur,
Auct. Her. 1, 3, 5:purgatio est cum factum conceditur, culpa removetur,
Cic. Inv. 1, 11, 15: maxima est capitis deminutio cum aliquis simul et civitatem et libertatem amittit, Gai Inst. 1, 160; Auct. Her. 1, 46; 2, 4, 6; 4, 12, 17; 4, 53, 66 et saep. —Etiam cum (less freq. cum etiam), even when (nearly = etiamsi), always with indic. if dependent on other than preterite predicates. (1) With pres.: qui cavet ne decipiatur, vix cavet, quom etiam cavet, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 5:(γ).in quo scelere, etiam cum multae causae convenisse... videntur, tamen non temere creditur,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 22, 62:qui incolunt maritimas urbis, etiam cum manent corpore, animo tamen excursant,
id. Rep. 2, 4, 7; Curt. 6, 3, 10; Plin. Ep. 1, 8, 6.—(2) With fut.:etiam cum potentes nocere intendent,
Sen. Const. 4, 1. —(3) With fut. perf.:cum etiam plus contenderimus, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 1, 8, 7; Sen. Ben. 4, 13, 3.—(4) In oblique clauses with imperf. subj., Cic. Fragm. Tog. Cand. 15.—Anteclass. with indic. in addressing indefinite persons in rules, after imper.:2.sorba in sapa cum vis condere, arida facias,
Cato, R. R. 7 fin. — Always with indic. if a certain person is addressed; cf. Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 59 (l. A. 1. a. a supra); id. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 47.—With subj. referring to indefinite time.a. (α).With pres. subj.:(β).acerbum'st pro benefactis quom mali messim metas,
Plaut. Ep. 5, 2, 53:quom faciem videas, videtur esse quantivis preti,
Ter. And. 5, 2, 15; Plaut. Cas. 3, 2, 32; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 38; id. Merc. 3, 2, 7 and 8 et saep.:difficile est tacere cum doleas,
Cic. Sull. 10, 31:etiam interpretatio nominis habet acumen cum ad ridiculum convertas,
id. de Or. 2, 63, 257; 2, 64, 259; 2, 67, 269; 2, 75, 305; 3, 38, 156; Sen. Ep. 75, 4 et saep.—With perf. subj.:b.difficile est cum praestare omnibus concupieris, servare aequitatem,
Cic. Off. 1, 19, 64:quos (versus) cum cantu spoliaveris, nuda paene remanet oratio,
id. Or. 55, 183; id. Lael. 21, 77; id. Inv. 1, 47, 88; Sall. C. 12, 3; 51, 24; 58, 16.—In the jurists, in a clause exemplifying a general rule: cum ergo ita scriptum sit Heres Titius esto, addicere debemus, Gai Inst. 2, 165; so id. ib. 4, 97; 3, 161; Auct. Her. 4, 31, 42.—c.In the phrase audio cum dicat (I. F. 1, b. infra):d.saepe soleo audire Roscium cum ita dicat se, etc.,
Cic. de Or. 2, 28, 129.—When, after cum, an imperfect or pluperfect is used as a logical tense (post-Aug.): non tulit gratis qui cum rogasset accepit, who has asked for the favor, and, etc., Sen. Ben. 2, 1, 4; 2, 3, 1; 2, 13, 2; id. Ep. 86, 8.—e.If the principal predicate is a potential subjunctive, an indefinite clause with a present or future after cum is always in the same mood:3.caveto quom ventus siet aut imber, effodias aut seras,
Cato, R. R. 28:quis tam dissoluto animo est qui, haec cum videat, tacere ac neglegere possit?
Cic. Rosc. Am. 11, 32; id. Planc. 39, 94; id. Clu. 55, 153; id. Inv. 1, 4, 87; 1, 51, 95; Auct. Her. 4, 6, 9; 4, 32, 43.—Of definite time, always with indic. (for exceptions, v. 4. infra), when, if, while (for the distinction between cum and si, cf.:a.formam mihi totius rei publicae, si jam es Romae, aut cum eris, velim mittas,
Cic. Att. 6, 3, 4:quae si prodierit, atque adeo cum prodierit—scio enim proditurum esse—audiet,
id. Rosc. Am. 25, 100:si damnatus eris, atque adeo cum damnatus eris—nam dubitatio quae poterit esse? etc.,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 29, § 70; id. Or. 2, 75, 304; Sen. Ep. 83, 10).Cum with pres. indic.(α).Principal predicate in pres.:(β).certe, edepol, quom illum contemplo et formam cognosco meam... nimis simili'st mei,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 288; so id. Poen. 1, 2, 71; id. Pers. 4, 4, 15; Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 45: Py. Ne fle. Ph. Non queo Quom te video, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 14; id. Am. 1, 1, 260; id. Rud. 3, 4, 38:potestne tibi ulla spes salutis ostendi cum recordaris in deos immortalis quam impius... fueris?
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 47: cum hoc vereor, et cupio tibi... parcere, rursus immuto voluntatem meam ( = while), id. Rosc. Am. 34, 95; Serv. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 4:equidem cum... recordor, vix aetatem Alexandri suffecturam fuisse reor ad unum bellum,
Liv. 9, 19, 12; Cic. Planc. 12, 29; id. Clu. 10, 29; Liv. 40, 46, 3:quod cum ita est,
if this is so, Quint. 24, 58 (cf.:quodsi ita est,
Cic. Mur. 2, 5); so,often, nunc cum: qui modo nusquam conparebas, nunc quom conpares, peris,
Plaut. Aul. 4, 4, 2; so id. ib. 1, 3, 35; 2, 2, 17; id. As. 1, 2, 18; Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 39:nos de injusto rege nihil loquimur, nunc cum de ipsa regali re publica quaerimus,
Cic. Rep. 3, 35, 47; Liv. 44, 39, 7.—So with logical perf. for the pres., Quint. 4, 2, 122.—But Cicero always uses nunc cum with a subj. when the clause, while designating present time, generally [p. 491] in opposition to a former time, implies a reason for the principal action, now that:quodsi tum, cum res publica severitatem desiderabat, vici naturam, etc., nunc cum omnes me causae ad misericordiam... vocent, quanto tandem studio, etc.,
Cic. Mur. 2, 3, 6; id. Fam. 9, 16, 7; id. Font. 15, 35 (25); id. Imp. Pomp. 10, 27; 17, 50; not found in later writers, except in the Gallic panegyrists, e. g. Eum. Grat. Act. 2 init. —With principal predicate in the logical perf., if (ante-class.):b.Curculio hercle verba mihi dedit quom cogito,
Plaut. Curc. 4, 4, 27:sed tandem, quom recogito, qui potis est scire, haec scire me?
id. Stich. 2, 1, 29; id. Mil. 4, 8, 64.—Cum with logical perf. indic.(α).Principal predicate in pres.:(β).ergo quom optume fecisti, nunc adest occasio Benefacta cumulare,
after doing excellently, Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 63: quo etiam major vir habendus est (Numa), cum illam sapientiam constituendae civitatis duobus prope saeculis ante cognovit, quam, etc. ( = siquidem, if he has; seeing that he has), Cic. de Or. 2, 37, 154; Verg. A. 9, 249.—With principal predicate in fut. ( poet.):c.at cumst imposta corona, Clamabis capiti vina subisse meo (est imposta = erit imposta),
Prop. 4 (5), 2, 30.—With fut.(α).With principal predicate in fut.:(β).quom videbis tum scies,
Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 37; id. Am. 3, 3, 15; id. Men. 5, 7, 7; Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 82; id. Heaut. prol. 33:sed cum certum sciam faciam te paulo ante certiorem,
Cic. Fam. 9, 23; 3, 11, 3; 12, 30, 5; 14, 3, 4; id. Q. Fr. 3, 8, 2; Liv. 3, 53, 10.—With principal predicate in fut. perf.:(γ).cum tu haec leges, ego jam annuum munus confecero,
Cic. Fam. 2, 12, 1.—With principal predicate in imper. fut.:(δ).mox quom imitabor Sauream, caveto ne succenseas,
Plaut. As. 2, 2, 105; id. Mil. 3, 3, 59.—With principal predicate in subj. (potential):(ε).cum testes ex Sicilia dabo, quem volet ille eligat,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 22, § 48; id. Off. 1, 34, 122; 3, 10, 46; id. Att. 4, 9, 1; 4, 10, 2; 4, 17, 1 et saep.—In oblique clauses, after preterites, changed into imperf. subj., Caes. B. C. 2, 40; after other tenses it is either changed into pres. subj. or remains unchanged, Cic. Fam. 1, 56, 2; 1, 7, 4; Sall. C. 58, 8.—d.With fut. perf.(α).With principal predicate in fut.:(β).mox dabo quom ab re divina rediero,
Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 193; id. Am. 1, 1, 43; 1, 2, 4; Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 8:cum haec docuero, tum illud ostendam, etc.,
Cic. Clu. 4, 9; id. Verr. 2, 1, 1, § 3; id. de Or. 2, 33, 143; 2, 59, 239; id. Att. 3, 23, 5 et saep.—In oblique clauses, after preterites, the fut. perf. is changed into pluperf. subj., Cic. Rosc. Am. 10, 28; 28, 78; Liv. 1, 56, 11; 5, 30, 1; after other tenses, and often in oblique oration, it remains unchanged, or is changed into perf. subj., Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 71, § 183; id. Fam. 2, 5, 2 dub.; Liv. 21, 13, 8; 3, 56, 10.—With principal predicate in imper. (almost always fut. imper.):(γ).quod quom dixero, si placuerit, Facitote,
Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 37:cum ego Granium testem produxero, refellito, si poteris,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 59, § 154; id. Marcell. 9, 27; id. Fam. 16, 4, 3; Tac. A. 1, 22.—With pres. imper., Liv. 24, 38, 7.—With principal predicate in subj. (potential):4.quae cum omnia collegeris, tum ipse velim judices satisne videatur,
Cic. Fam. 5, 2, 4; id. Or. 13, 41 dub.—In oblique clauses, after non-preterites, the fut. perf. remains unchanged:oro, ne me hodie, cum isti respondero, putetis, etc.,
Cic. Phil. 2, 5, 10; id. Clu. 2, 6.—With subj. in definite time.a.Sometimes in oblique construction (3. c. e; 3. d. a).—b.Sometimes by attraction:c.curata fac sint quom a foro redeam domum,
Plaut. Aul. 2, 3, 6; 2, 3, 11; id. Stich. 1, 2, 8; id. Curc. 2, 2, 3:non admirere cum ego ipse me id ex te primum audisse confitear?
Cic. Planc. 24, 58. —In the semi-causal connection nunc cum, v. 3, a. a fin. supra.B.In adverbial anterior clauses dependent on preterite predicates, the time of the cum clause preceding that of the principal sentence (always with subj., except in the instances mentioned 2.; 3. a; and 5.), when, after.1.With pluperf. subj. (so generally): quom socios nostros mandisset impius Cyclops, Liv. And. Fragm. ap. Prisc. 8, p. 817 (Lubbert conjectures, without sufficient reason, mandit sex): quom saucius multifariam ibi factus esset, tamen volnus capiti nullum evenit, Cato, Orig. ap. Gell. 3, 7, 19:2.portisculus signum cum dare coepisset,
Enn. Ann. v. 234 Vahl.:quom testamento patris partisset bona,
Afran. Com. Rel. v. 50 Rib.: quem quom ibi vidissent Hortensius Postumiusque, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 4, 32; Enn. Ann. v. 241 Vahl.; Turp. Com. Rel. v. 48 Rib.; Lucil. ap. Non. p. 394, 27 (the MSS. reading:quom venisset,
Plaut. As. 2, 3, 15, is corrupt):audivi summos homines cum quaestor ex Macedonia venissem Athenas,
Cic. de Or. 1, 11, 45:haec cum Crassus dixisset, silentium est consecutum,
id. ib. 1, 35, 160:cum Thebani Lacedaemonios bello superavissent... aeneum statuerunt tropaeum,
id. Inv. 2, 23, 69:Dionysius cum fanum Proserpinae Locris expilavisset, navigabat Syracusas,
id. N. D. 3, 34, 83:eo cum venisset, animadvertit ad alteram ripam magnas esse copias hostium,
Caes. B. G. 5, 18:Tarquinius et Tullia minor... cum domos vacuas novo matrimonio fecissent, junguntur nuptiis,
Liv. 1, 46, 9 et saep. —With pluperf. indic.a.Ante-class. in place of the class. subj.:b.idem me pridem quom ei advorsum veneram, Facere atriensem voluerat,
Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 28:Quid ais? Quom intellexeras, id consilium capere, quor non dixti extemplo,
Ter. And. 3, 2, 38.—If the pluperfect is a virtual imperfect, designating the time at which the main action took place, the principal predicate being likewise in the pluperfect, when the clause would require an indicative if placed in the imperfect (3. a. a): exspectationem nobis non parvam adtuleras cum scripseras Varronem tibi confirmasse, etc. ( = exspectabam cum legebam; cf. C. 3, a. a, 2.), Cic. Att. 3, 18, 1; cf. Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 9, 2, where the cum clause is relative; v. E.: Romae haud minus terroris... erat quam fuerat biennio ante cum castra Punica objecta Romanis moenibus fuerant (C. 3. a. a, 1.), Liv. 27, 44, 1; so id. 5, 28, 1; 26, 40, 17; 44, 10, 1.—c.If the clause indicates that the time of the main action is a period, subsequent to that of the action designated by the pluperfect:3.nam tum cum in Asia res magnas permulti amiserant, scimus Romae, solutione impedita, fidem concidisse,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:cum ea consecutus nondum eram... tamen ista vestra nomina numquam sum admiratus,
id. Fam. 3, 7, 5; id. Verr. 2, 5, 69, § 178; id. Inv. 2, 42, 124; Caes. B. G. 7, 35; Liv. 24, 7, 1 sq.; Nep. Dat. 6, 5; Curt. 9, 10, 12; Verg. A. 5, 42.—If both predicates denote repeated action, the anterior clause with cum has the pluperf. indic. or subj.a.With pluperf. indic.(α).With principal predicate in imperf. indic. (so almost always in Cicero and Caesar; not in the poets, nor in Vell., Val. Max., Tac., Suet., or Plin.), whenever:(β).cum ad aliquod oppidum venerat, eadem lectica usque ad cubiculum deferebatur,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 11, § 27; 2, 1, 46, § 120; 2, 3, 67, § 156; 2, 4, 61, § 137; 2, 5, 10, § 27; id. Fl. 7, 16; 10, 21; id. Agr. 2, 26, 68; id. Or. 32, 113; id. Brut. 24, 93:(Cassi vellaunus) cum equitatus noster se in agros ejecerat, essedarios ex silvis emittebat,
Caes. B. G. 5, 19; 3, 14; 3, 15; 4, 7; 5, 35; 7, 22; id. B. C. 1, 58; Sall. J. 92, 8; 44, 4:cum comminus venerant, gladiis a velitibus trucidabantur,
Liv. 38, 21, 12; Nep. Epam. 3, 6; Sen. Ep. 11, 4; Curt. 3, 10, 8; 3, 10, 11; Quint. 7, 1, 4; Gell. 15, 22, 5; 17, 18, 3; Gai Inst. 4, 15; Pacat. 9.—With principal predicate in perf. indic.:b.Pacuvius qui Syriam usu suam fecit, cum vino... sibi parentaverat,
Sen. Ep. 12, 8; 108, 14.—With pluperf. subj., an imperf. indic. in principal sentence:4.cum fossam latam cubiculari lecto circumdedisset, ejusque transitum... conjunxisset, eum ipse detorquebat,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 20, 59; id. Verr. 2, 3, 41, § 94:cum cohortes ex acie procucurrissent, Numidae... effugiebant, etc.,
Caes. B. C. 2, 41:cum in jus duci debitorem vidissent, undique convolabant,
Liv. 2, 27, 8; 25, 3, 11; 5, 48, 2.—In anterior clauses with imperf. subj.(α).When the principal clause expresses an immediate consequence ( = pluperf. subj.):(β).Demaratus cum audiret dominationem Cypseli confirmari, defugit patriam ( = cum audivisset),
Cic. Rep. 2, 19, 34; Caes. B. G. 5, 17 et saep.—Where both verbs relate to one transaction, especially in remarks and replies:(γ).(Epaminondas) cum gravi vulnere exanimari se videret, quaesivit salvusne esset clipeus, etc.,
Cic. Fin. 2, 30, 97:cum ex eo quaereretur quid esset dolus magnus, respondebat, etc.,
id. Off. 3. 14, 60; id. Or. 2, 69, 278; id. Rosc. Am. 25, 70; Liv. 3, 71, 4 et saep.—When the principal action takes place during the action of the dependent clause:5.qui cum unum jam et alterum diem desideraretur, neque in eis locis inveniretur... liberti Asuvii in eum invadunt, etc.,
Cic. Clu. 13, 38.—For the perf. indic. instead of pluperf. subj. v. C. 1. d. infra.C.In adverbial clauses of coincident time dependent on preterites ( = eo tempore quo), the clause with cum designating the time at which or during which the main action took place, when, as, while.[The theory of the use of tenses and moods in these clauses is not fully settled. The older grammarians require the indicative if cum denotes pure time, but the subjunctive if denoting cause or relations similar to cause. Zumpt and others acknowledge that the rule is frequently not observed, attributing this to the predilection of the Latin language for the subjunctive. Recently Hoffmann (Zeitpartikeln der Lateinischen Sprache, 1st ed. 1860; 2d ed. 1873) and Lubbert (Syntax von Quom, 1870) have advanced the theory that cum requires the indicative if denoting absolute time, but the subjunctive if denoting relative time. They define absolute time as time co-ordinate or parallel with, or logically independent of, the time of the principal action, which performs the function of a chronological date for the principal action, and they consider it as a criterion that the clause might have constituted an independent sentence; while relative time is logically subordinate to the principal action. Hoffmann condenses his theory in the following words: cum with indicative names and describes the time at which the action of the principal sentence took place; cum with the subjunctive, on the contrary, designates the point of time at which, or the space of time during which, the action expressed in the principal sentence commenced or ended. The chief objections to this theory are: (1) Its vagueness.—(2) The facts that in many instances cum with the subjunctive clearly dates the main action (C. 3. a. b, 2, and 4.; C. 3. a. 5.; C. 3. b. b, 3. and 5.; C. 3. b. g infra); that many of the subjunctive clauses with cum may be transformed into independent sentences (C. 3. b. b, 2. and 3. infra); that many indicative clauses with cum are logically subordinate to the main action (C. 3. a. a, 2. infra), and that when both moods are used in two co-ordinated clauses with cum belonging to the same main sentence, Hoffmann must account for the difference of the moods by explanations not drawn from his theory (Cic. Agr. 2, 64, 64; id. Clu. 30, 83; id. Div. 1, 43, 97; id. Fin. 2, 19, 61; id. de Or. 67, 272; Caes. B. C. 2, 17; Liv. 6, 40, 17; 30, 44, 10).—(3) The impossibility of clearly drawing the line between logical co-ordination and subordination; and the fact that, wherever it is drawn, there will be many passages not accounted for (cf. 1. init. and many passages under C. 3. a. a, 3.; C. 3. a. d; C. 3. b. g, etc.).—(4) That the supposed use of cum with the imperfect indicative is inconsistent with the received doctrine that the imperfect always designates a time relative to another time—a difficulty not satisfactorily met by Hoffman's assumption of an aoristic imperfect.]GENERAL RULE.—The predicate after cum is in the perfect indicative (or historical present) if the action is conceived as a point of time coincident with the time of the main action. It is either in the imperfect indicative or in the imperfect subjunctive if the action is conceived as occupying a period of time within which the main action took place (e. g.:1.quid enim meus frater ab arte adjuvari potuit, cum... furem se videre respondit? Quid in omni oratione Crassus... cum pro Cn. Plancio diceret?
Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 220;where dicebat might stand for diceret, but not responderet for respondit: cum ad tribum Polliam ventum est, et praeco cunctaretur, etc.,
Liv. 29, 37, 8; cf.:cum tecum Ephesi collocutus sum,
Cic. Fam. 13, 55, 1; and:cum te Puteolis prosequerer,
id. ib. 3, 10, 8: cum primum lex coepta ferri est, Liv 3, 14, 4; and: cum [p. 492] ferretur lex, id. 5, 30, 4;also,
Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 1, and Liv. 3, 58, 7).Both predicates in the perf. indic. (or histor. pres.), both clauses denoting points of time (the principal predicate may be in any verbal form implying a perfect).a.The clause expressing a momentary action:b.posticulum hoc recepit quom aedis vendidit, Flaut. Trin. 1, 2, 157: scilicet qui dudum tecum venit cum pallam mihi Detulisti,
id. Men. 2, 3, 46; prol. 62; id. Poen. 4, 2, 82; id. Ep. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 57; id. Heaut. 2, 3, 21 et saep.:non tum cum emisti fundum Tusculanum, in leporario apri fuerunt,
Varr. R. R. 3, 3, 8:in judiciis quanta vis esset didicit cum est absolutus,
Cic. Tog. Cand. Fragm. 4:per tuas statuas vero cum dixit, vehementer risimus,
id. de Or. 2, 59, 242:cum occiditur Sex. Roscius, (servi) ibidem fuerunt,
id. Rosc. Am. 41, 120; id. Verr. 2, 2, 29, § 70; 1, 4, 11; 2, 2, 66, § 160; 2, 3, 47, § 112; id. Caecin. 29, 85; id. Sest. 55, 157; id. Phil. 2, 9, 21; id. Rep. 6, 22, 24; id. Fam. 9, 15, 2; id. Att. 2, 1, 5 et saep.:tunc flesse decuit cum adempta sunt nobis arma,
Liv. 3, 55, 10; 10, 6, 8; 28, 42, 14; 42, 46, 1; Vitr. 2, 8, 12; 2, 1, 7; 2, 9, 15;6, 7, 4: semel dumtaxat vultum mutavit, tunc cum... anulum in profundum dejecit,
Val. Max. 6, 9, 6; 8, 8, ext. 1; 9, 1, ext. 1;9, 8, 1: rerum natura... cum visum est deinde, (filium tuum) repetiit,
Sen. Cons. Polyb. 10, 4; 11, 2; id. Q. N. 1, 11, 3; 6, 25, 4:accepimus et serpentem latrasse cum pulsus est regno Tarquinius,
Plin. 8, 41, 63, § 153; 2, 24, 22, § 90; 2, 52, 53, § 139; Suet. Claud. 21; Hor. S. 2, 3, 61; Ov. Tr. 5, 11, 8; Tib. 3, 5, 18; Mart. 5, 49, 9.—So, cum primum, when first, the first time that, as soon as:jube vinum dari: jam dudum factum'st quom primum bibi,
Plaut. As. 5, 2, 40; id. Cas. prol. 17; Ter. Hec. alt. prol. 31; id. And. prol. 1; id. Eun. 3, 3, 4:Pompeius cum primum contionem habuit... ostendit, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 1, 15, 45; id. Fam. 2, 9, 1; Liv. 3, 55, 10; 25, 6, 2; 25, 29, 4; 31, 3, 1; 40, 8, 1; 42, 34, 3; Curt. 6, 11, 23; but with imperf. subj. when referring to a per. of time:ipse cum primum pabuli copia esse inciperet, ad exercitum venit,
Caes. B. G. 2, 2.—In the poets and later writers, the imperf. subj. often occurs where classic prose has the perf. indic.:effice ut idem status sit cum exigis qui fuit cum promitterem,
Sen. Ben. 4, 39, 4:tum lacrimare debueras cum equo calcaria subderes,
Curt. 7, 2, 6; Suet. Claud. 6; Ov. P. 4, 12, 28.—If the clause denotes a state, condition, or action of longer duration, it takes the perf. indic. if asserted as a complete fact without regard to what happened during its progress (virtual point of time):c.in quem Juppiter se convertit cum exportavit per mare... Europen,
Varr. R. R. 2, 5, 5:ne cum in Sicilia quidem (bellum) fuit... pars ejus belli in Italiam ulla pervasit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 6:nempe eo (lituo) Romulus regiones direxit tum cum urbem condidit,
id. Div. 1, 17, 30; id. Verr. 2, 3, 54, § 125; id. Lig. 7, 20; id. Rep. 3, 32, 44:non tibi, cum in conspectu Roma fuit, succurrit? etc.,
Liv. 2, 40, 7; 34, 3, 7; Nep. Iphicr. 2, 4; id. Pelop. 4, 3.—With perf. indic., by the time when, before, referring to facts which actually occurred before the action of the principal sentence:d.ab Anaximandro moniti Lacedaemonii sunt ut urbem... linquerent, quod terrae motus instaret, tum cum... urbs tota corruit,
Cic. Div. 1, 50, 112; Liv. 22, 36, 4; 34, 31, 15; Prop. 2, 32 (3, 30), 53.—With perf. indic. when actions in immediate sequence are represented as coincident:2.ad quem cum accessimus, Appio, subridens, Recipis nos, inquit, etc.,
Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 2:me primus dolor percussit, Cotta cum est expulsus,
Cic. Brut. 89, 303:itaque ne tum quidem cum classem perdidisti, Mamertinis navem imperare ausus es,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 23, § 59:haec cum facta sunt in concilio, magna spe et laetitia omnium discessum est,
Caes. B. C. 3, 87:cum Thessalos in armis esse nuntiatum est, Ap. Claudium... senatus misit,
Liv. 42, 5, 8:Gracchus cum ex Sardinia rediit, orationem ad populum habuit,
Gell. 15, 12, 1; Cic. Imp. Pomp. 1, 2; id. Deiot. 6, 17; id. Top. 16, 61; id. Div. 1, 43, 98; id. Fam. 5, 21, 2; Liv. 4, 44, 10; 4, 60, 8; 9, 25, 2; 22, 14, 12; Nep. Dat. 11, 1; Suet. Caes. 31; Gell. 1, 23, 5; Prop. 3, 20, 37 (4, 21, 7).—Hence a perf. indic. in co-ordination with pluperf. subj.: cum sol nocte visus esset... et cum caelum discessisse visum est (decemviri ad libros ire jussi sunt), Cic. Div. 1, 43, 97.—With a perf. indic. (or histor. pres.), the principal predicate in imperf.a.The action falling within the time of the principal predicate:b.set Stalagmus quojus erat tunc nationis, quom hinc abit?
Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 107; id. Rud. 3, 6, 9; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 51:haec Crassi oratio cum edita est, quattuor et triginta tum habebat annos, etc.,
Cic. Brut. 43, 161:eo cum venio, praetor quiescebat,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 14, § 32; 2, 5, 69, § 178; id. Fl. 13, 20; id. Pis. 1, 2; id. Lig. 1, 3; id. Phil. 2, 21, 52; 3, 4, 11; id. Fam. 13, 35, 2; id. Att. 6, 1, 13:cum Caesari in Galliam venit, alterius factionis principes erant Aedui, alterius Sequani,
Caes. B. G. 6, 12; Sall. J. 71, 1:cum haec accepta clades est, jam C. Horatius et T. Menenius consules erant,
Liv. 2, 51, 1; 21, 39, 4; 23, 49, 5; 28, 27, 14; 34, 16, 6;45, 39, 1: merito me non adgnoscis, nam cum hoc factum est, integer eram,
Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 3.—Post-class. writers generally use imperf. subj.:beneficium ei videberis dedisse cui tunc inimicissimus eras cum dares?
Sen. Ben. 5, 19, 7:bona quoque, quae tunc habuit cum damnaretur, publicabuntur,
Dig. 28, 18, § 1:pauper Fabricius (erat) Pyrrhi cum sperneret aurum,
Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 413.—The action strictly anterior to the principal sentence, rare (1. d.): nam quod conabar cum interventum'st dicere, nunc expedibo, Pac. ap. Non. p. 505, 3 (Trag. Rel. v. 65 Rib.):3.cum est ad nos adlatum de temeritate eorum, etc., cetera mihi facillima videbantur... multaque mihi veniebant in mentem, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 1; Sall. C. 51, 32; Verg. A. 6, 515; id. E. 3, 14.—The predicate after cum conceived as a period or space of time (including repeated action) is either in the imperf. indic. or imperf. subj. [In ante-classical writers and Cicero the imperf. indic. very frequent, and largely prevailing over the subj., except that when the principal predicate denotes a point of time (with perf.), Cicero commonly uses the subj.; the imperf. indic. occurs in Cicero 241 times; in Caesar once with the force of a relativeclause (B. G. 1, 40, 5), and 3 times of repeated action; in Nep. once of repeated action (Att. 9, 6); in Sall. twice (J. 31, 20; id. H. 1, 48, 6 Dietsch); in Liv. 22 times; in Verg. 4 times; in Ovid twice; in Tib. twice; in Prop. 3 times; in Val. Max. twice; then it disappears (except once each in Tac. and Mart.), but reappears in Gaius (3 times), Gellius (twice), and the Gallic panegyrists (several times)].a.Both predicates denoting spaces of time, the principal predicate always in the imperf. indic. unless the mood is changed by other influences.(α).Cum with the imperf. indic. (1) In express or implied opposition to other periods of time, esp. with tum or tunc:(β).eademne erat haec disciplina tibi quom tu adulescens eras?
Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 17:alium esse censes nunc me atque olim quom dabam?
Ter. And. 3, 3, 13; Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 50; id. Most. 1, 3, 64; id. Mil. 2, 2, 26; Ter. And. 1, 1, 69; Enn. ap. Cic. Brut. 19, 76 (Ann. v. 222 Vahl.):qui cum plures erant, paucis nobis exaequari non poterant, hi postquam pauciores sunt, etc.,
Auct. Her. 4, 18, 25:qui (Pompeius) cum omnes Caesarem metuebamus ipse eum diligebat, postquam ille metuere coepit, etc.,
Cic. Att. 8, 1, 4:res per eosdem creditores per quos cum tu aderas agebatur,
id. Fam. 1, 1, 1 (cf.:Senatus consultum factum est de ambitu in Afranii sententiam quam ego dixeram cum tu adesses,
id. Q. Fr. 2, 9, 3):Trebellium valde jam diligit: oderat tum cum ille tabulis novis adversabatur,
id. Phil. 6, 4, 11:non tam id sentiebam cum fruebar, quam tunc cum carebam,
id. Red. Quir. 1, 3:etenim tunc esset hoc animadvertendum cum classis Syracusis proficiebatur,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 43, § 111 (so 111 times in Cicero, including the instances where the principal predicate is in the perf.):cum captivis redemptio negabatur, nos vulgo homines laudabant, nunc deteriore condicione sumus, etc.,
Liv. 25, 6, 14; 10, 7, 2; 33, 34, 3; 34, 4, 10; 44, 36, 8; 45, 38, 1; Ov. P. 2, 6, 9; id. M. 13, 473; Val. Max. 6, 3, 1; 4, 1, 10; Mart. 12, 70, 10; Gai Inst. 1, 184; Eum. Grat. Act. 6; cf.: cur eum, cum in consilium iretur, Cluentius et Canutius abesse patiebantur? Cur cum in consilium mittebant, Stajenum judicem qui pecuniam dederant, non requirebant? Cic. Clu. 30, 83 (cum iretur, of the time when the judges retired; cum mittebant, of the previous time, when the parties were asked about the closing of the case; opp. cum iretur).—Poets, even in the class. per., sometimes use the subj. in dependence upon the indic.:hic subito quantus cum viveret esse solebat, Exit humo,
Ov. M. 13, 441. —(2) The principal predicate denoting a mental act or reflection occasioned by, or accompanying the action of the clause with cum (mostly ante-class. and in Cicero):desipiebam mentis cum illa scripta mittebam tibi,
Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 35; id. Aul. 2, 2, 1; id. Ps. 1, 5, 86:sed tu cum et tuos amicos in provinciam quasi in praedam invitabas, et cum eis praedabare, et... non statuebas tibi rationem esse reddendam?
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 11, § 29:illas res tantas cum gerebam, non mihi mors, non exsilium ob oculos versabatur?
id. Sest. 21, 47; id. Cat. 3, 1, 3; 3, 7, 16; id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 26; 2, 2, 13, § 33; 2, 2, 35, § 86; 2, 3, 86, § 198; 2, 5, 21, § 54; id. Fl. 1, 1; id. Deiot. 1, 3; 8, 23; id. Pis. 24, 56 and 57; id. Ac. 2, 28, 89; id. Or. 13, 41; id. Tusc. 2, 15, 43; id. Fam. 7, 9, 5 (22 times); Sall. H. 1, 48, 6 Dietsch (cf.:num P. Decius cum se devoveret, et equo admisso in mediam aciem Latinorum inruebat, aliquid... cogitabat?
Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 61; cum se devoveret explains the circumstances of inruebat; hence acc. to 3. a. b, 2. in subj.; cf. Madv. ad loc., who reads devoverat).—(3) If the predicate after cum has a meaning peculiar to the imperf. indic., which by the use of the subj. would be effaced: quod erat os tuum, cum videbas eos homines, quorum ex bonis istum anulus aureus donabas? (descriptive imperf.) Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 80, § 187; so,fulgentis gladios hostium videbant Decii, cum in aciem eorum inruebant,
id. Tusc. 2, 24, 59: cum de plebe consulem non accipiebat ( = accipere nolebat, conative imperf.), id. Brut. 14, 55:cum vim quae esset in sensibus explicabamus, etc.,
id. Ac. 2, 12, 37 (the verbum dicendi refers to a certain stage in the discourse, for which Cicero uses the imperf. indic. in independent sentences, e. g. N. D. 3, 29, 71; 3, 6, 15; de Or. 1, 53, 230; 2, 19, 83; 2, 84, 341); so,equidem... risum vix tenebam, cum Attico Lysiae Catonem nostrum comparabas,
id. Brut. 8, 293:cum censebam,
id. de Or. 1, 62, 264:cum dicebam,
id. Fam. 6, 1, 5:cum ponebas,
id. Fin. 2, 19, 63; so esp. in Cicero's letters the phrase cum haec scribebam = while I am writing this, to preserve the meaning of an epistolary tense, referring to a state, condition, or action in progress at the time of writing the letter:res, cum haec scribebam, erat in extremum adducta discrimen,
id. Fam. 12, 6, 2; 3, 12, 2; 5, 12, 2; 6, 4, 1; id. Att. 5, 20, 5 et saep.; cum haec scriberem, scripsissem, scripsi, are not epistolary tenses, but refer to events happening after the letter or part of it was finished, = when I wrote, had written, id. ib. 2, 15, 3; 10, 4, 7; 4, 10, 2; id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 6, § 19; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 6, 5; 8, 13, 2;sometimes cum dabam = cum scribebam,
Cic. Fam. 12, 16, 3 (but cf.:cum scriberem, as epistolary tense, in oblique discourse,
id. Att. 15, 13, 7).—(4) The coincidence in time of two actions is made emphatic, = eo ipso tempore quo:tum cum insula Delos... nihil timebat, non modo provinciis sed etiam Appia via jam carebamus,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 18, 55; id. Phil. 1, 15, 36; 13, 8, 17; id. Sull. 10, 31; id. Tusc. 2, 8, 20; id. Off. 3, 27, 100; id. Dom. 45, 118.—The predicate after cum is in the imperf. subj. (1) To impart to the clause a causal, adversative or concessive meaning besides the temporal relation:(γ).antea cum equester ordo judicaret, improbi magistratus in provinciis inserviebant publicanis (a logical consequence),
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 41, § 94:sed cum jam honores (Hortensii) et illa senior auctoritas gravius quiddam requireret, remanebat idem (dicendi genus) nec decebat idem,
id. Brut. 95, 327; id. Phil. 1, 1, 1; id. Rosc. Am. 15, 42; 16, 45; id. Pis. 10, 2; Liv. 25, 13, 1; 26, 5, 1.—(2) To indicate circumstances under which the main action took place, and by which it is explained:Flaminius, cum tripudio auspicaretur, pullarius diem differebat, etc.,
Cic. Div. 1, 35, 77: [p. 493] equidem cum peterem magistratum, solebam in prensando dimittere a me Scaevolam, id. de Or. 1, 24, 112; id. Inv. 2, 17, 52; Liv. 41, 1, 2 (cf. 3. b. b, 3.).—(3) To describe the locality of the main action: quom essem in provincia legatus, quam plures ad praetores et consules vinum honorarium dabant, Cato ap. Isid. Orig. 20, 3, 8:Zenonem cum Athenis essem audiebam frequenter,
Cic. N. D. 1, 21, 59; 1, 28, 79; id. Tusc. 2, 14, 34; id. Fam. 3, 8, 5; id. Att. 2, 11, 1; 12, 5, 4; 16, 14, 1; id. Verr. 2, 4, 12, § 29; Liv. 5, 54, 3 (cf. 3. b. b, 4.).—(4) To designate the time of the main action as a condition:cum ageremus vitae supremum diem, scribebamus hoc,
Cic. Fin. 4, 27, 54:cum jam in exitu annus esset, Q. Marcius... magistratu abiturus erat,
Liv. 39, 23, 1 (cf. 3. b. b, 5.).—If both the clause with cum and the principal predicate denote repeated action, the predicate with cum in class. prose is in the imperf. indic. or subj. according to the rules under a and b; the principal predicate being always in the imperf. indic.; but in ante-class. writers cum has always the imperf. indic. (1) Imperf. indic.:(δ).tum mi aedes quoque arridebant, quom ad te veniebam, tuae,
Plaut. As. 1, 3, 55; id. Am. 1, 1, 45; id. Rud. 4, 7, 25 sqq.; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 19; Cinc. de Re Mil. ap. Gell. 16, 4, 5; Asell. ap. Gell. 2, 13, 4; Cic. Att. 2, 7, 4; id. Verr. 2, 2, 13, § 34; Caes. B. C. 1, 79, 2; Gai Inst. 2, 101; Pacat. Pan. 9 fin.:cum a nostro Catone laudabar vel reprehendi me a ceteris facile patiebar,
Cic. Or. 13, 41; so Nep. Att. 9, 6.—To distinguish from adversative relations, as Cic. Rosc. Com. 3, 9; id. Att. 12, 39, 2; id. de Or. 1, 14, 62; Caes. B. C. 3, 44, 6; Gai Inst. 2, 254.—If only the clause with cum, but not the principal predicate, denotes repeated action, the latter is in the perf., the former in imperf. indic., Caes. B. C. 2, 17; Cic. Arch. 5, 10.—(2) Imperf. subj., mostly denoting circumstances to explain the main action: cum dilectus antiquitus fieret... tribunus militaris adigebat, etc., Cinc. de Re Mil. ap. Gell. 16, 4, 2:Hortensius cum partiretur tecum causas, prorogandi locum semper tibi relinquebat,
Cic. Brut. 51, 190; id. Div. 1, 45, 102; id. de Or. 1, 54, 232; id. Brut. 62, 222; Liv. 3, 66, 2; 5, 25, 12:ex hoc effectos panes, cum in colloquiis Pompeiani famem nostris objectarent, vulgo in eos jaciebant (causal),
Caes. B. C. 3, 48; Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 62; so,according to class. usage,
Sen. Ep. 86, 11; Curt. 5, 2, 7; 6, 5, 18; 7, 3, 13; Suet. Caes. 65;contrary to class. usage,
Val. Max. 3, 6, 6; Sen. Ep. 30, 7; 77, 8; Tac. H. 2, 91; Spart. Had. 18. —In other instances (which are rare), both moods occur, either without any discrimination, or for special reasons. (1) Ante-class.:b.nam quom modo exibat foras, ad portum se aibat ire,
Plaut. Rud. 2, 2, 2. —(2) Class.:ut, cum L. Opimii causam defendebat, C. Carbo nihil de Gracchi nece negabat, sed id jure factum esse dicebat,
Cic. de Or. 2, 25, 106 (cf.:nuper cum ego C. Sergii Oratae... causam defenderem, nonne omnis nostra in jure versata defensio est?
id. ib. 1, 39, 178; in each of these sentences the clause with cum sustains exactly the same relation to the principal predicate; but the former has the imperf. in the principal sentence, and in this connection Cic. prefers the indic. after cum):similiter arbitror... illum (oratorem) de toto illo genere non plus quaesiturum esse, quid dicat, quam Polycletum illum, cum Herculem fingebat, quem ad modum pellem aut hydram fingeret (fingebat, for euphony, in view of the foll. fingeret),
id. de Or. 2, 16, 70; cf.:nec vero ille artifex cum faceret Jovis formam... contemplabatur aliquem, e quo similitudinem duceret,
id. Or. 2, 9.—Without assignable reason:casu, cum legerem tuas litteras, Hirtius erat apud me,
Cic. Att. 15, 1, 2; cf.:Hasdrubal tum forte cum haec gerebantur, apud Syphacem erat,
Liv. 29, 31, 1:cum haec Romae agebantur, Chalcide Antiochus ipse sollicitabat civitatium animos, etc.,
id. 36, 5, 1; cf.:cum haec in Hispania gererentur, comitiorum jam appetebat dies,
id. 35, 8, 1 (Weissenb. gerebantur):cum haec agebantur, Chalcide erat Antiochus,
id. 36, 15, 1; cf.:cum haec agerentur jam consul via Labicana ad fanum Quietis erat,
id. 4, 41, 8; 35, 2, 1.—(3) PostAug. writers almost always use imperf. subj., disregarding the class. usage: ipsa fruebatur arte cum pingeret (cf. a, 2.), Sen. Ep. 9, 7; id. Cons. Marc. 23, 3; Plin. Pan. 34:tunc erat mendacio locus cum ignota essent externa... nunc vero, etc. (opposition of times),
Sen. Q. N. 4, 2, 24; so id. Ep. 97, 9; Mart. 2, 61, 1; cf. Don. ad Ter. And. 3, 3, 13 (3. a. a, 1. supra):cum haec proderem habebant et Caesares juvenes sturnum, etc.,
Plin. 10, 41, 59, § 120.—If the principal predicate denotes a point of time, and the predicate with cum a period of time, the former is in the perf. indic. unless changed by construction; the latter(α).In the imperf. indic., according to the rules a. a, except 2. (1) When the time of the cum clause is opposed to other periods of time:(β).res quom animam agebat tum esse offusam oportuit,
Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 85; id. Truc. 4, 2, 20; id. Ep. 3, 3, 50 (3, 4, 21); id. Most. 5, 1, 68:quod cum res agebatur nemo in me dixit, id tot annis post tu es inventus qui diceres?
Cic. Phil. 2, 9, 22; id. Rep. 2, 23, 43; id. Div. 1, 41, 92; 1, 45, 101; id. Ac. 2, 28, 90; id. Quint. 19, 60; 17, 54; 19, 61; id. Verr. 2, 3, 90, § 210 et saep.; Liv. 22, 60, 25; Verg. A. 4, 597; Tib. 1, 10, 8; 1, 10, 19; Prop. 2, 1, 31; 5 (4), 10, 24.—The subj. may be used if the principal action is represented as a consequence or result:o, Astaphium, haut isto modo solita's me ante appellare, Sed blande, quom illuc quod aput vos nunc est, aput me haberem,
Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 60 (Lubbert conjectures habebam); Cic. Off. 2, 1, 2 and 3; id. Fin. 4, 27, 54; id. Rosc. Am. 4, 11; id. Verr. 2, 3, 57, § 130; id. Mur. 3, 8; Liv. 5, 53, 9; 10, 6, 9; 43, 21, 1;44, 39, 7.— Hence the mood may change in co-ordinate clauses: tum, cum haberet haec res publica Luscinos, Calatinos, etc., homines... patientia paupertatis ornatos, et tum, cum erant Catones, Phili, etc., tamen hujusce modi res commissa nemini est (haberet, concessive),
Cic. Agr. 2, 24, 64.—(2) To make emphatic the coincidence of time, = eo ipso tempore (a. a, 4.):cum is triumphus de Liguribus agebatur, Ligures... coloniam ipsam ceperunt,
Liv. 41, 14, 1; Cic. Sest. 26, 56; id. Phil. 2, 36, 90; id. Div. 2, 1, 3; id. Verr. 2, 5, 37, § 97; id. Att. 1, 4, 1.—(3) To preserve the peculiar force of the imperf. indic. (a. a, 3.): cum iste jam decedebat, ejus modi litteras ad eos misit, etc. (conative imperf.), Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 70, § 172:cum Africanus censor tribu movebat centurionem... inquit,
id. de Or. 2, 67, 272 (cf.:cum (censor) M. Antistio equum ademisset,
id. ib. 2, 71, 287).—With the imperf. subj. (1) Always when cum means while (time during which): quomque caput caderet, carmen tuba sola peregit et, etc., Enn. ap. Lact. ad Stat. Th. 11, 56 (Ann. v. 508 Vahl.):(γ).magistratus quom ibi adesset, occepta'st agi,
Ter. Eun. prol. 22 (Lubbert conjectures adsedit); Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):Alexandrum uxor sua, cum simul cubaret, occidit,
Cic. Inv. 2, 49, 144:armati, cum sui utrosque adhortarentur... in medium inter duas acies procedunt,
Liv. 1, 25, 1; Varr. R. R. 2, 81; Auct. Her. 4, 52, 65; Cic. Brut. 3, 10; id. Clu. 62, 175; Caes. B. G. 2, 19; id. B. C. 3, 57; Liv. 1, 30, 8; 10, 30, 3 et saep.—(2) To connect a logical (causal, etc.) relation with the temporal meaning (a. b, 1.):cum ille Romuli senatus... temptaret ut ipse gereret sine rege rem publicam, populus id non tulit,
Cic. Rep. 2, 12, 23:an pater familiarissimis suis succensuit cum Sullam et defenderent et laudarent? (causal),
id. Sull. 17, 49:tum cum bello sociorum tota Italia arderet, homo non acerrimus... C. Norbanus in summo otio fuit (concessive),
id. Verr. 2, 5, 4, § 8:quibus rebus cum unus in civitate maxime floreret, incidit in eandem invidiam, etc. (adversative),
Nep. Cim. 3, 1:sed cum jam appropinquantium forma lemborum haud dubia esset... tunc injecta trepidatio est,
Liv. 44, 28, 10; Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 90, § 211; id. Clu. 31, 84; id. Mur. 3, 8; id. Phil. 3, 2, 3; id. Tusc. 1, 2, 4; Auct. Her. 4, 24, 33; Caes. B. C. 2, 7; Liv. 25, 9, 10; 21, 41, 12.—(3) To explain the main fact by circumstances:quem quidem hercle ego, in exilium quom iret, redduxi domum,
Plaut. Merc. 5, 4, 19:consule me, cum esset designatus tribunus, obtulit in discrimen vitam suam,
Cic. Sest. 28, 61:haec epistula est, quam nos, in aedibus Apronii cum litteras conquireremus, invenimus,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 66, § 154: Socrates, cum XXX. tyranni essent, pedem porta non extulit, id. Att. 8, 2, 4:Brundusii cum loquerer cum Phania, veni in eum sermonem ut dicerem, etc.,
id. Fam. 3, 5, 3:itaque, cum populum in curias triginta divideret, nomina earum (Sabinarum) curiis imposuit,
Liv. 1, 13, 6:Ap. Claudius, ovans cum in urbem iniret, decem milia pondo argenti, etc., in aerarium tulit,
id. 41, 28, 6; Cic. Clu. 20, 55; id. Phil. 12, 8, 20; id. Scaur. 47; id. Inv. 2, 31, 96; id. Tusc. 2, 22, 53; id. Div. 1, 52, 119; id. Off. 2, 8, 27; id. Or. 2, 55, 225 sq.; id. Fam. 1, 9, 13; 6, 6, 5; Liv. 1, 39, 4; 3, 63, 6; 4, 53, 11 et saep.—(4) To describe the place of the main action (a. a, 3.):cum essem in castris ad fluvium Pyramum, redditae mihi sunt uno tempore a te epistulae duae,
Cic. Fam. 3, 11, 1;so with cum essem (essemus, etc.),
id. ib. 2, 19, 1; 3, 4, 1; 13, 56, 1; id. Att. 1, 10, 1; 14, 19, 1; id. Ac. 1, 1, 1; id. Rep. 1, 39, 61; Varr. R. R. 3, 13; Caes. B. G. 4, 11 et saep.:Eumenes rex ab Roma cum in regnum rediret... mactatus est ( = on the journey),
Liv. 42, 40, 8:Agesilaus cum ex Aegypto reverteretur... in morbum implicitus decessit,
Nep. Ages. 8, 6.—The perf. indic. (cum fui, etc.) refers to temporary visits to a place:Gallo narravi, cum proxime Romae fui, quid audissem,
Cic. Att. 13, 49, 2:proxime cum in patria mea fui, venit ad me, etc.,
Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 3.—(5) To designate the time by natural occurrences (a. a, 4.):ipsi comprehensi a me, cum jam dilucesceret, deducuntur,
Cic. Cat. 3, 3, 6:cum advesperasceret, cum lucesceret,
id. Fam. 15, 4, 8:cum lux appropinquaret,
id. Tull. 9, 21:cum dies instaret,
id. Inv. 2, 31, 96:cum comitiorum tempus adpeteret,
Liv. 28, 10, 1:cum dies comitiorum adpropinquaret,
id. 3, 34, 7; 10, 13, 2.—But when a date is given as a point of time, the perf. indic. is used:cum ea dies venit,
Liv. 4, 44, 10; 6, 20, 4.—(6) When the action of the cum clause is interrupted or ended by the main action:cum hanc jam epistulam complicarem, tabellarii a vobis venerunt, etc.,
Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 5, § 17:L. Octavius, cum multas jam causas diceret, adulescens est mortuus,
id. Brut. 68, 241:cum plures jam tribus dicto esse audientem pontifici duumvirum juberent... ultimum de caelo quod comitia turbaret intervenit,
Liv. 40, 42, 10:cum maxime conquereretur apud patres... repente strepitus ante curiam... auditur,
id. 8, 33, 4:haec cum maxime dissereret, intervenit Tarquinius,
id. 1, 50, 7;so with cum maxime,
Cic. Fam. 1, 5, a, 2; Liv. 23, 24, 6; 30, 33, 12.—(7) If the clause with cum has the force of a participial adjunct of the principal predicate (cum diceret = dicens, or dicendo):Caesarem saepe accusavit, cum adfirmaret illum numquam, dum haec natio viveret, sine cura futurum ( = adfirmans, or adfirmando),
Cic. Sest. 63, 132:Antigonus in proelio, cum adversus Seleucum dimicaret, occisus est ( = dimicans),
Nep. Reg. 3, 2:impulit ut cuperem habere, cum diceret,
Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 8; Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 9 (11), 3; id. Clu. 42, 119; 56, 153; id. pro Corn. Maj. Fragm. 16; id. Mil. 5, 12; id. de Or. 1, 57, 243; id. Or. 37, 129; id. Fin. 1, 5, 16; id. Inv. 2, 34, 105; Val. Max. 1, 2, ext. 1; Ov. P. 1, 9, 42.—(8) In the historians, in a summary reference to events already related:cum haec in Achaia atque apud Dyrrhachium gererentur... Caesar mittit, etc.,
Caes. B. C. 3, 57:cum civitas in opere ac labore adsiduo reficiendae urbis teneretur, interim Q. Fabio... dicta dies est,
Liv. 6, 1, 6:cum hic status in Boeotia esset, Perseus... misit,
id. 42, 56, 10; 33, 36, 1; 34, 22, 3; 38, 8, 1; 42, 64, 1; 45, 11, 1.—In all other cases the imperf. subj. is regularly used in class. prose, even if the action of the clause with cum is logically independent of the principal sentence:D.illum saepe audivi, hic, cum ego judicare jam aliquid possem, abfuit,
Cic. Brut. 71, 248: senatus consultum est factum de ambitu in Afranii sententiam, in quam ego dixeram, cum tu adesses. id. Q. Fr. 2, 7 (9), 3; so always (class.) with cum maxime, precisely when, just when:cum maxime haec in senatu agerentur, Canuleius... (ad populum) ita disseruit,
Liv. 4, 3, 1:cum maxime Capua circumvallaretur, Syracusarum oppugnatio ad finem venit,
id. 25, 23, 1.—In a very few instances the imperf. indic. occurs without apparent reason: an vero cum honos agebatur familiae vestrae... succensuit [p. 494] pater tuus cum Sullam defenderent (probably to distinguish the two cum clauses), Cic. Sull. 17, 49 (cf.:cum jus amicitiae, societatis, adfinitatis ageretur, cum, etc., eo tempore tu non modo non... retulisti, sed ne ipse quidem, etc.,
id. Quint. 16, 53):ille versus, qui in te erat collatus cum aedilitatem petebas,
id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 8:cum ex oppido exportabatur (Dianae statua) quem conventum mulierum factum esse arbitramini?... Quid hoc tota Sicilia est clarius quam omnes convenisse cum Diana exportaretur ex oppido? etc.,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 35, § 77.—Poets and post-class. writers frequently disregard the class. usage, the former by using either mood instead of the other, the latter by the un-Ciceronian use of the subj.; v. Prop. 2, 9, 15; 5 (4), 4, 10; Tib. 1, 10, 16; Verg. A. 7, 148; 12, 735; Mart. 13, 122; Curt. 8, 12, 16; 9, 2, 24; Quint. 11, 1, 89; Plin. 36, 6, 5, § 46; Dig. 28, 1, 22, § 1; Gell. strangely uses an imperf. indic. where class. writers would use a subj.:sed ego, homines cum considerabam, alterum fidei, alterum probri plenum, nequaquam adduci potui ad absolvendum,
Gell. 14, 2, 10; cf.:cum secum reputavit,
Tac. A. 15, 54.In adverbial clauses denoting identity of action (if the principal sentence and the clause with cum denote not different actions, but one action, which, expressed by the latter clause, is by the principal sentence defined in its meaning and import, the clause with cum always takes the indic., except once or twice post-class., and almost always the same tense as the principal sentence), when, by, in, etc.1.The predicate in present:2.amice facis Quom me laudas,
Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 31; id. Poen. 3, 2, 12; 3, 5, 15; Ter. And. prol. 18; id. Ad. 1, 2, 16 et saep.:bene facitis cum venitis,
Auct. Her. 4, 50, 63:quae cum taces, nulla esse concedis,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 19, 54; 21, 58; id. Clu. 47, 132; Liv. 25, 6, 5 et saep.—With fut. (rare):3.cum igitur proferent aliquid hujusmodi... inventum proferent,
Cic. Inv. 1, 40, 75; id. Fl. 39, 99; Plin. Ep. 7, 24, 9.—With fut. perf. (rare):4.quod cum dederis, illud dederis ut is absolvatur,
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 7, 23; id. Lig. 12, 36; id. Part. Or. 39; Auct. Her. 4, 30, 41.—With perf.:5.fecisti furtum quom istaec flagitia me celavisti et patrem,
Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 60; 1, 2, 52; id. Cas. 4, 4, 18 (22); id. Capt. 2, 3, 52; Ter. Phorm. prol. 32 et saep.:loco ille motus est cum ex urbe est depulsus,
Cic. Cat. 2, 1, 1; id. Verr. 2, 5, 23, § 59; id. Fam. 11, 29, 2; id. Rosc. Am. 14, 39; Liv. 5, 49, 8; 9, 8, 4; Val. Max. 3, 7, ext. 1; Curt. 6, 10, 9; Quint. 1, 10, 47 et saep.—With histor. pres.:6.Orestes cum se defendit, in matrem confert crimen,
Auct. Her. 1, 15, 25.—With imperf.:7.cum grandiorem aetatem ad consulatum constituebant, adulescentiae temeritatem verebantur,
Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 47; 14, 10, 28; id. Fl. 33, 83; id. Lig. 6, 18; id. Fam. 6, 1, 3; id. Off. 3, 10, 40; id. Sen. 6, 15 et saep.—Imperf. with perf. ( poet. and post-class.;8.very rare): quid quod et ominibus certis prohibebar amori Indulgere meo, tum cum mihi ferre jubenti Excidit et fecit spes nostras cera caducas,
Ov. M. 9, 595 sq.; Val. Max. 9, 1, 5.—With pluperf. (very rare):* 9.exspectationem nobis non parvam attuleras cum scripseras, etc.,
Cic. Att. 3, 18, 1; id. Sest. 16, 37.—Pluperf. and imperf.:10.quod quidem tibi ostenderam cum a me Capuam reiciebam,
Cic. Att. 8, 11, D, 5.—Imperf. subj. (post-class.):11.tunc venena edebat bibebatque, cum immensis epulis non delectaretur tantum, sed gloriaretur,
Sen. Cons. Helv. 10, 10.—Often relatively added to nouns when a relative clause must be supplied:E.illa scelera... cum ejus domum evertisti, cujus, etc.,
which you committed when (by), Cic. Pis. 34, 83; id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 33; id. Verr. 2, 5, 13, § 33; Liv. 5, 3, 4; 23, 9, 11; 29, 17, 9.In relative clauses, = quo tempore, quo, etc.1.Dependent on nouns designating time, the mood follows the general rules of relative clauses.a.The principal sentence is a formal statement of indefinite time, with the copula (tempus fuit cum, or fuit cum, analogous to sunt qui, etc.); generally with subj., but sometimes indic., when sunt qui would take this mood.(α).With pres. or fut. indic.: nunc est profecto (i. e. tempus), interfici quom perpeti me possum (the ante-class. writers construe sunt qui with indic.), Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 3; id. And. 1, 1, 125:(β).jam aderit tempus quom sese etiam ipse oderit,
Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 12; Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 28.—With pres. subj.: nunc est ille dies quom gloria maxima sese nobis ostendat, si vivimus, sive morimur, Enn. ap. Prisc. 10, p. 880 P. (Ann. v. 383 Vahl.); so Plaut. Capt. 3, 3, 1:(γ).erit illud profecto tempus et illucescet aliquando dies cum... amicissimi benevolentiam desideres,
Cic. Mil. 25, 69; Val. Max. 6, 2, 9.—With preterites, indic., Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 29:(δ).fuit quoddam tempus cum in agris homines bestiarum more vagabantur,
Cic. Inv. 1, 2, 2 (cf.:fuerunt alia genera qui... dicebant,
id. de Or. 3, 17, 62):fuit cum hoc dici poterat (potuisset would be hypothetical),
Liv. 7, 32, 13.—With preterites, subj., Ter. Heaut. 5, 4, 1:b.quod fuit tempus cum rura colerent homines,
Varr. R. R. 3, 1:ac fuit cum mihi quoque initium requiescendi concessum arbitrarer,
Cic. Or. 1, 1, 1; so id. Brut. 2, 7; Caes. B. G. 6, 24.—Attributively with nouns denoting time (tempus, dies, etc.), in ordinary sentences.(α).With pres. or fut. indic.:(β).incidunt saepe tempora cum ea commutantur,
Cic. Off. 1, 10, 31:longum illud tempus cum non ero, etc.,
id. Att. 12, 8, 1; id. Verr. 2, 5, 69, § 177; id. Quint. 2, 8; id. Sen. 23, 84.—With potential subj., Cic. Att. 3, 3.—With past tenses, indic., Plaut. Am. prol. 91; id. rud. 2, 6, 12; Ter. And. 5, 3, 12:(γ).atque ille eo tempore paruit cum parere senatui necesse erat,
Cic. Lig. 7, 20:memini noctis illius cum... pollicebar,
id. Planc. 42, 101; id. Phil. 2, 18, 45; 2, 35, 88; id. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44; id. Sest. 7, 15; 29, 62; id. Sull. 18, 52; id. Fam. 11, 8, 1; 11, 27, 3; id. de Or. 1, 11, 45; Sall. J. 31, 20; Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 6; Prop. 1, 10, 5; 1, 22, 5; Gell. 1, 23, 2 et saep.—So with nouns implying time:illa pugna quom, etc. ( = in qua),
Plaut. Poen. 2, 26;Marcellino Consule, cum ego... putabam ( = anno Marcellini, quo, etc.),
Cic. Att. 9, 9, 4:patrum nostrorum memoria cum exercitus videbatur ( = tempore quo),
Caes. B. G. 1, 40; Cic. Fam. 13, 1, 2; Liv. 6, 40, 17.—With preterites in subj., Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 30:c.accepit enim agrum iis temporibus cum jacerent pretia praediorum,
Cic. Rosc. Com. 12, 33; so id. Off. 2, 19, 65:numerandus est ille annus cum obmutuisset senatus?
id. Pis. 12, 26; so id. Verr. 2, 4, 35, § 77; id. Rep. 2, 37, 62; id. Font. 3, 6; Liv. 3, 65, 8:haec scripsi postridie ejus diei cum castra haberem Mopsuhestiae (cf. habebam, as epistolary tense),
Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 10.—If the clause does not define the noun, but is a co-ordinate designation of time, it follows the rule of adverbial clauses:eodem anno, cum omnia infida Romanis essent, Capuae quoque conjurationes factae,
while, Liv. 9, 26, 5; Cic. Rep. 2, 36, 61; id. de Or. 2, 3, 12; Liv. 8, 15, 1; 1, 41, 6.—Appositively added to temporal adverbs and to dates (heri, hodie, medius, tertius, olim, antea, quondam, nuper, olim, postea) following the rules of adverbial clauses:2.Crassus hodie, cum vos non adessetis, posuit idem, etc.,
Cic. de Or. 2, 10, 41:omnia quae a te nudius tertius dicta sunt, cum docere velles, etc.,
id. N. D. 3, 7, 18; id. Sest. 48, 103; id. Att. 4, 3, 2; id. Inv. 2, 1, 1; id. Rep. 1, 39, 61; Caes. B. C. 2, 17 et saep.—So with dates (always subj.. except with cum haec scribebam, or dabam):posteaquam Pompeius apud populum ad VIII. Id. Febr., cum pro Milone diceret, clamore convicioque jactatus est,
Cic. Fam. 1, 5, b, 1; 3, 3, 1; 3, 4, 1; 4, 2, 1; id. Att. 14, 19, 1.—The principal sentence defines a period of time during which the action of the clause has or had lasted, always with indic., and after the words defining the period, = per quod tempus, when, that, during which, while, etc.a.With pres., = Engl. pres. perf.(α).With cardinal, definite or indefinite. (1) Time in acc. (ante-class.):(β).hanc domum Jam multos annos est quom possideo,
that I have been the owner, Plaut. Aul. prol. 4; cf. id. Merc. 3, 1, 37.—(2) Time in nom.:anni sunt octo cum ista causa in ista meditatione versatur,
Cic. Clu. 30, 82; id. Or. 51, 171; id. Fam. 15, 14, 1; id. Div. 2, 36, 76.—With ordinals:(γ).vigesimus annus est, cum omnes scelerati me unum petunt,
Cic. Phil. 12, 10, 24; Verg. A. 5, 627; 3, 646.—With diu:b.jam diu'st quom ventri victum non datis,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 146; Gell. 1, 25, 12.—Perf. with negation, the principal predicate in pres. or logical perf., = Engl. pres. perf.:c.quia septem menses sunt quom in hasce aedes pedem Nemo intro tetulit,
Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 39; id. Men. 3, 1, 3; Prop. 3, 8, 33 (2, 16, 33. —With pluperf., the principal predicate in imperf.:d.permulti jam anni erant cum inter patricios magistratus tribunosque nulla certamina fuerant,
Liv. 9, 33, 3.—With imperf., the principal predicate in perf. or pluperf.:3.dies triginta aut plus in ea navi fui, Quom interea semper mortem exspectabam miser,
Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 7:unus et alter dies intercesserat, cum res parum certa videbatur,
Cic. Clu. 26, 72.—The principal sentence specifying a period of time which has or had elapsed since the action took place, = ex ejus tempore, since or after, always with indic.; the principal predicate pres. or logical perf., cum with perf. indic.a.With cardinals.(α).Time in acc. (ante-class.):(β).annos factum'st sedecim Quom conspicatus est primo crepusculo Puellam exponi,
Plaut. Cas. prol. 39; so probably id. Pers. 1, 3, 57; id. Trin. 2, 4, 1; id. Merc. 3, 1, 37.—With nom.:b.nondum centum et decem anni sunt cum de pecuniis repetundis lata lex est,
Cic. Off. 2, 21, 75; id. Fam. 15, 16, 3; id. Att. 9, 11, A, 2.—With diu or dudum:c.nam illi quidem haut sane diu'st quom dentes exciderunt,
Plaut. Merc. 3, 1, 42; id. As. 2, 1, 3; id. Trin. 4, 3, 3.—Peculiarly, cum referring to an action which was to be done after a period of time, before, at the end of which:4.omnino biduum supererat cum exercitui frumentum metiri oporteret,
Caes. B. G. 1, 23. —In inverted clauses, the principal sentence determining the time of the clause, cum ( = quo tempore) having the force of a relative; cum with the indic. always following the principal sentence; never in oblique discourse; very freq. in class. and post-class. writings (ante-class. only Plaut. Men. 5, 8, 3; Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 40; id. Eun. 4, 2, 5); principal sentence often with jam, vix, vixdum, nondum, tantum quod, and commodum; cum often with subito, repente, sometimes interim, tamen, etiamtum.a.Principal sentence defining time by temporal expressions.(α).Principal sentence with pluperf. (1) Cum with perf. or histor. pres.:(β).dies nondum decem intercesserant cum ille alter filius necatur,
Cic. Clu. 9, 28; id. Verr. 1, 2, 36; id. Or. 2, 21, 89; Ov. M. 9, 715; Plin. Pan. 91, 1.—(2) Cum with histor. inf., Sall. J. 98, 2.—Principal sentence with imperf. (1) Cum with perf. or histor. pres.:(γ).nondum lucebat cum Ameriae scitum est,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 34, 97; Liv. 21, 59, 5; 41, 26, 2; 22, 1, 1; 9, 33, 3; 9, 37, 5; Verg. G. 2, 340; Curt. 4, 3, 16; 5, 12, 6 al.—(2) Cum with imperf., Curt. 6, 7, 1.—Principal sentence with perf., cum with perf.:b.dies haud multi intercesserunt cum ex Leontinis praesidium... venerunt,
Liv. 24, 29, 1; 40, 48, 4.—Principal sentence not containing expressions of time; most freq. with pluperf. or imperf. in principal sentence, and perf. or histor. pres. in clause with cum, but (far more rarely) many other combinations occur.(α).Principal sentence with imperf., cum with perf.:(β).non dubitabat Minucius quin, etc., cum repente jubetur dicere,
Cic. Verr. 1, 2, 29, § 72:jamque hoc facere noctu adparabant cum matres familiae repente... procucurrerunt,
Caes. B. G. 7, 26, 3; Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 14, § 36; Liv. 1, 36, 1 (57 times); Verg. A. 1, 36 (26 times); Vell. 2, 28, 2; Sen. Ira, 1, 18, 3; Tac. A. 3, 1 (31 times); Curt. 3, 10, 1 (19 times); Plin. Ep. 6, 24, 2.—Principal sentence with pluperf., cum with perf. or histor. pres.:(γ).jam Sora capta erat cum consules prima luce advenere,
Liv. 9, 24, 13 (32 times); Cic. Clu. 9, 28 (14 times); Sall. J. 60, 6; Verg. A. 1, 586 (13 times); Tac. A. 1, 19 (13 times); Curt. 3, 10, 1 (18 times). —And cum with potential subj.:vix erat hoc plane imperatum cum illum spoliatum... videres,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86.—Principal sentence with perf., Cic. Sest. 37, 39 (5 times); Liv. 2, 46, 3 (8 times).—(δ).Principal sentence with histor. inf., Liv. 5, 46, 1; Tac. A. 1, 11; 11, 16; Curt. 5, 9, 1; 9, 5, 1.—(ε).Principal sentence with histor. pres., Liv. 4, 32, 1 (3 times); Ov. M. 4, 695 (5 times).—(ζ).Cum with imperf., Cic. Verr. 1, 6, 17 (3 times); Sall. J. 51, 2; Liv. 44, 10, 6; Tac. A. 1, 51; 11, 26.—(η).Cum with [p. 495] histor. inf., Liv. 2, 27, 1; Tac. A. 2, 31 (6 times); Curt. 4, 4, 9.—(θ).Cum with pluperf., Liv. 2, 46, 3 (3 times); Ov. M. 14, 581; Verg. A. 2, 256 sq.—(κ).With logical perf., or logical perf. and pres. (rare):5.quam multi enim jam oratores commemorati sunt... cum tamen spisse ad Antonium Crassumque pervenimus,
Cic. Brut. 36, 138:jamque fuga timidum caput abdidit alte (coluber), Cum medii nexus extremaeque agmina caudae Solvuntur,
Verg. G. 3, 422.—In clauses added loosely or parenthetically to a preceding clause or to a substantive in it (the mood governed by the rules for relative clauses).a.When, on an occasion, on which, etc.(α).With perf. indic.:(β).Hortensium maxime probavi pro Messala dicentem, cum tu abfuisti,
Cic. Brut. 96, 328; id. Phil. 11, 8, 18; id. Dom. 9, 22; 53, 136; id. Fam. 13, 75, 1; Spart. Had. 3; Flor. 1, 18, 9 (1, 13, 19).—With imperf. indic.:(γ).num infitiari potes te illo ipso die meis praesidiis circumclusum commovere te non potuisse, cum tu nostra... caede contentum esse dicebas?
Cic. Cat. 1, 3, 7; id. Sest. 63, 131; id. Cael. 24, 59.—Cum with pres. indic., a past tense in principal sentence (mostly poet.):(δ).nox erat et placidum carpebant fessa soporem Corpora... cum medio volvuntur sidera lapsu, Cum tacet omnis ager, etc.,
Verg. A. 4, 522; 8, 407; 12, 114; id. E. 8, 15; Hor. S. 1, 10, 31; Plin. Ep. 6, 16, 22.—Imperf. subj.: qui... accensi nulla deinde vi sustineri potuere, cum compulsi in castra Romani rursus obsiderentur, in consequence of which ( = ita ut), Liv. 3, 5, 8.—(ε).So freq. cum quidem, always with indic.:b.sed uterque noster cedere cogebatur, cum quidem ille pollicitus est, se quod velletis esse facturum,
Cic. Phil. 9, 4, 9; id. Fl. 22, 53; id. Pis. 9, 21; 34, 83 and 84; id. Leg. 2, 6, 14; id. Sen. 4, 11; Suet. Caes. 50; Spart. Had. 9; id. Ael. Ver. 4.—Cum tamen, at which time however, and yet, while nevertheless, representing the principal sentence as concessive, analogous to qui tamen (v. tamen).(α).With indic., like qui tamen, always, except for particular reasons:(β).fit gemitus omnium et clamor, cum tamen a praesenti supplicio tuo continuit populus Romanus se, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 1, 5, 29, § 74; id. Pis. 12, 27; Liv. 6, 42, 11; Verg. A. 9, 513; Tac. H. 1, 62; so,cum nihilo magis,
Nep. Dat. 10, 3; passing over into inverted cum clauses (4. b.), as Sall. J. 98, 2; Liv. 27, 20, 11.—With subj., Cic. Phil. 2, 18, 45; id. Fam. 1, 9, 10; Liv. 4, 31, 6 (where the clause with cum is adverbial).—6.Cum interea (interim).a.Adverbial (rare).(α).Temporal with subj.; with subj. imperf., while, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 25, § 62; with pluperf. subj., after, id. ib. 1, 2, 9, § 25; id. Fam. 15, 43.—(β).Adversative, with subj., whereas during this time. (1) Pres.:b.simulat se eorum praesidio conflteri, cum interea aliud quiddam jam diu machinetur,
Cic. Verr. 1, 6, 15; Val. Max. 2, 9, 1; Sen. Q. N. 1, prol. 14.—(2) With perf. subj.:cum tu interim vero numquam significaris sententiam tuam,
Cic. Pis. 4, 9; id. Rosc. Am. 5, 11 dub.; Val. Max. 7, 8, 6.—(3) With imperf. subj., Cic. Sull. 5, 6; Plin. Pan. 76, 1.—Relative, always with indic., in class. writings always referring to a period during which, belonging,(α).To the attributive clauses (v. 2. supra). (1) In pres.:(β).anni sunt octo... cum interea Cluentianae pecuniae vestigium nullum invenitis,
Cic. Clu. 30, 82; Liv. 5, 54, 5; Plaut. Stich. 1, 1, 33.— (2) In imperf., Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 8 (2. c.).—To the inverted clauses (4.):(γ).tanta erat in his locis multitudo cum interim Rufio noster... hominem percussit,
Cic. Att. 5, 2, 2.—So probably: cum interim Gallus quidam processit, Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 7; Cic. Fam. 3, 6, 5; id. Pis. 38, 92 sq.; id. Tusc. 4, 3, 6; Sall. J. 12, 5; 49, 4; Liv. 3, 37, 5; Val. Max. 8, 1, 3; 9, 7, 2; Sen. Ira, 2, 33, 4; Tac. H. 1, 60; with indefinite pres. indic. in both terms, Sen. Cons. Marc. 11, 5.—To the additional clauses (5.). (1) With perf. indic., Plaut. Men. 3, 1, 3; Flor. 4, 2, 69; 4, 12, 33; with inf. in oblique discourse, Liv. 4, 51, 4; 6, 27, 6.—(2) Post-Aug., and in Nep., = cum tamen (5. b.), while nevertheless, whereas, with pres. or perf. indic.:F.post Leuctricam pugnam Lacedaemonii se numquam refecerunt... cum interim Agesilaus non destitit patriam juvare,
Nep. Ages. 7, 1: cum interim Oedipodis ossa... colis, Val. Max. 5, 3, ext. 3; 3, 4, 5; 4, 4, 1; Quint. 10, 1, 18; 10, 1, 11; 12, 10, 67; Tac. H. 4, 42; Suet. Claud. 6; Flor. 4, 12, 33.In clauses completing the idea of the governing verb.1.After verbs of perception (videre, perspicere, audire, etc.; audivi cum diceres, etc. = audivi te dicentem).a.Dependent on verbs of seeing and feeling.(α).With indic.:(β).nam ipsi vident eorum quom auferimus bona ( = nos auferre or auferentes),
Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 16; id. Poen. 3, 4, 13; id. Am. 5, 1, 19; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 65; id. Mil. 2, 6, 26:conspectum est cum obiit,
Liv. 5, 25, 3.—With subj.:b.is... numquam est conspectus cum veniret,
Cic. Sest. 59, 126:vidi... Cum tu terga dares,
Ov. M. 13, 224.—After verbs of hearing, always with subj.:c.L. Flaccum ego audivi cum diceret Caeciliam exisse, etc.,
Cic. Div. 1, 46, 104; id. Par. 6, 1, 45; id. de Or. 2, 6, 22; 2, 28, 129; 2, 33, 144; 2, 37, 155; 2, 90, 365; id. Brut. 27, 85; id. Fin. 5, 19, 54; id. Fam. 3, 7, 4; Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 1.—After memini, with indic. (sc. tempus):2.memini quom... haud audebat,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 53:memini cum mihi desipere videbare,
Cic. Fam. 7, 28, 1.—With subj.:memini cum velles residere ferventissimo sole,
Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 1.—After verba adfectuum, with the force of quod, always with indic. (mostly ante-class.).a.Verbs of thanking:b.habeo gratiam tibi Quom copiam istam mi et potestatem facis,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 14; id. Curc. 5, 3, 21; id. As. 3, 2, 2; id. Most. 2, 2, 2; id. Poen. 1, 2, 46; 5, 4, 84 (99); Ter. And. 4, 4, 32; id. Ad. 1, 2, 59:tibi maximas gratias ago, cum tantum litterae meae potuerunt, ut eis lectis, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 13, 24, 2.—Of congratulation:c.quom tu's aucta liberis... gratulor,
Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 33; 2, 6, 35: L. Caesar, O mi Cicero, inquit, gratulor tibi cum tantum vales apud Dolabellam, etc., L. Caesar ap. Cic. Fam. 9, 14, 3; and ib. Att. 14, 17, A, 3.—Of rejoicing and grieving:d.quom istaec res tibi ex sententia Pulcre evenit, gaudeo,
Plaut. Rud. 5, 3, 10; id. Poen. 5, 5, 48:cum vero in C. Matii familiaritatem venisti, non dici potest quam valde gaudeam,
Cic. Fam. 7, 15, 2; Sall. J. 102, 5.—Dependent on optative sentences:G.di tibi bene faciant semper quom advocatus bene mi ades,
Plaut. Mil. 5, 26; id. Poen. 3, 3, 54; 3, 3, 74; Ter. Ad. 5, 7, 19.Elliptical usages (without predicate).1.Cum maxime.a.With ut: hanc Bacchidem Amabat, ut quom maxime, tum Pamphilus ( = ut amabat tum quom maxume amabat, as much as he ever did), Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 40:b.etiamne ea neglegamus, quae fiunt cum maxime, quae videmus?
Cic. Har. Resp. 15, 32.—Hence,By abbreviation: nunc cum maxime or cum maxime alone, now especially, just now: tum cum maxime, just then:2.nunc cum maxume operis aliquid facere credo,
Ter. Ad. 4, 1, 2; id. Phorm. 1, 4, 26; id. Heaut. 4, 5, 40:quae multos jam annos et nunc cum maxime filium interfectum cupit,
Cic. Clu. 5, 12:castra amissa, et tum cum maxime ardere,
Liv. 40, 32, 1; Curt. 3, 2, 17; Sen. Ira, 1, 16, 3; id. Ben. 3, 3, 3; id. Ep. 55, 1; 55, 11; 81, 7; Tac. Or. 16; 37; Eum. pro Schol. 4; Mamert. 2.—With maxime in adverbial clauses, just while, especially when, Cic. Att. 2, 15, 3; id. Off. 1, 13, 41; id. Fam. 1, 5, a, 2; Liv. 1, 50, 7; 2, 59, 7; 3, 25, 4; 3, 31, 3; 4, 3, 1; 8, 33, 4 et saep.—Similarly with other superlatives (post-class.):H.foliis ternis, aut, cum plurimum, quaternis,
at the utmost, Plin. 25, 10, 74, § 121; 18, 7, 10, § 60:cum tardissime,
id. 18, 7, 10, § 51:cum longissime,
Suet. Tib. 38.For co-ordinate clauses with cum... tum, v. tum, I. A. 3.II.Causal, since, because, as.A.Anteclass., chiefly with indic.1.With pres. indic.:2.hoc hic quidem homines tam brevem vitam colunt, Quom hasce herbas hujus modi in suom alvom congerunt,
because, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 34; id. Truc. 1, 2, 50; 2, 4, 8:edepol, merito esse iratum arbitror, Quom apud te tam parva'st ei fides,
since, id. Ps. 1, 5, 62; id. Most. 1, 1, 28; id. Truc. 2, 1, 32; Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 30; id. Hec. 4, 1, 53.—With perf. indic.:3.praesertim quom is me dignum quoi concrederet Habuit, me habere honorem ejus ingenio decet,
Plaut. As. 1, 1, 66; Ter. And. 3, 2, 8.—With subj.a.By construction of principal sentence: adeon, me fuisse fungum ut qui illi crederem, Quom mi ipsum nomen ejus Clamaret, etc., Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 51; id. Capt. 1, 2, 37; Ter. Hec. 3, 2, 6; id. Eun. 3, 5, 18; 5, 2, 24.—b.Independent of such construction:B.jam istoc probior es meo quidem animo quom in amore temperes,
Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 8 (bracketed by Goetz;Brix conjectures temperas): nil miror si lubenter tu hic eras, Quom ego servos quando aspicio hunc lacrumem quia dijungimur,
id. Mil. 4, 8, 18 Lorenz (Brix: quin ego... lacrumo; cf.Lubbert, Grammat. Stud. II. pp. 133, 137): Nam puerum injussu eredo non tollent meo, Praesertim in ea re quom sit mi adjutrix socrus,
Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 82; so id. Ad. 2, 1, 12.Class. and post-class., always with subj.1.With pres. subj.:2.cum ista sis auctoritate, non debes arripere maledictum ex trivio,
Cic. Mur. 6, 13:cum vita sine amicis insidiarum et metus plena sit, ratio ipsa monet amicitias comparare,
id. Fin. 1, 20, 66:quae cum ita sint, videamus, etc.,
id. Clu. 44, 123:quod cum ita sit, etc.,
id. Fam. 3, 1, 1; id. Mur. 1, 2; id. Arch. 5, 10; id. Off. 3, 3, 13; id. Rosc. Am. 8, 22; Liv. 7, 9, 5; 21, 21, 5 et saep.—With perf. subj.:3.cum inimicitiae fuerint numquam, opinio injuriae beneficiis sit exstincta... rei publicae providebo,
Cic. Prov. Cons. 20, 47; id. de Or. 1, 49, 214; the perf. subj. is often retained after a principal predicate in a past tense, id. Clu. 60, 167; id. Fam. 3, 8, 4.—With imperf. subj.a.Denoting both cause and coincidence of time:b.vacuum fundum, cum ego adessem, possidere non potuisti,
Auct. Her. 4, 29, 40; Cic. Or. 8, 25:cum tanta multitudo lapides et tela conicerent, in muro consistendi potestas erat nulli,
Caes. B. G. 2, 6; id. B. C. 3, 1; Liv. 39, 31, 3; 4, 8, 3; 25, 11, 1.—Denoting cause without time:4.cum esset egens, sumptuosus, audax... ad omnem fraudem versare suam mentem coepit,
Cic. Clu. 26, 70:quod oppidum cum esset altissimo et munitissimo loco, ad existimationem imperii arbitratus sum, comprimere eorum audaciam,
id. Fam. 15, 4, 10; Caes. B. C. 3, 37.—With pluperf. subj.:C.Caesar cum constituisset hiemare in continenti, neque multum aestatis superesset, obsides imperat, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 5, 22.With adverbs of emphasis.1.Praesertim cum, or cum praesertim, = especially since, the more so because:2.quae cum ita sint, quid est quod de ejus civitate dubitetis, praesertim cum aliis quoque civitatibus fuerit adscriptus?
Cic. Arch. 5, 10:cur enim tibi hoc non gratificor nescio, praesertim cum his temporibus audacia pro sapientia liceat uti,
id. Fam. 1, 10, 1:cum praesertim vos alium miseritis,
id. Imp. Pomp. 5, 12; id. Rosc. Am. 8, 22; id. Prov. Cons. 7, 16 (cum praesertim rarely refers to time, with indic., Sen. Ep. 85, 6).—Quippe cum represents the conclusion as selfevident, since of course, since obviously:3.nihil est virtute amabilius, quippe cum propter virtutem etiam eos, quos numquam videmus, quodammodo diligamus,
Cic. Lael. 8, 28:numquam ego pecunias istorum, etc., in bonis rebus duxi, quippe cum viderem, etc.,
id. Par. 1, 1, 6; id. Leg. 1, 1, 5; 1, 20, 54; id. Fin. 3, 12, 41; 5, 28, 84; Liv. 4, 27, 8; 4, 57, 10.—Sometimes with indic. if cum refers to time, when of course, if, of course: tu vero etiam si reprehenderes... laetarer: quippe cum in reprehensione est prudentia cum eumeneiai, Cic. Att. 16, 11, 2.—In later writers with indic., because when:omnia experiri necessitas cogebat: quippe cum primas spes fortuna destituit, futura praesentibus videntur esse potiora,
Curt. 4, 1, 29.—Utpote cum, seeing that, explanatory, with subj.:III.me incommoda valetudo qua jam emerseram, utpote cum sine febri laborassem, tenebat Brundusii,
Cic. Att. 5, 8, 1; Cels. 1 prooem.; Sen. Cons. Marc. 21, 2.Adversative, while, whereas, denoting a logical contrast with the principal sentence.A.Ante-class., chiefly,1.With indic.:2.hei mihi, insanire me aiunt, ultro quom ipsi insaniunt,
Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 80; id. Stich. 1, 37; id. Bacch. 5, 2, 5; Ter. Phorm. prol. 23; 2, 2, 26.—Subj.a.By construction of principal predicate:b.tibi obtemperem quom tu mihi nequeas?
Plaut. Most. 4, 2, 16 (4, 1, 50).—Independent of construction: edepol, Cupido, quom tam pausillus sis, nimis multum vales, Naev. ap. Non. p. 421, 25 (Lubbert conjectures quom [p. 496] tu's tam pausillus):B.eo vos madefacitis, quom ego sim hic siccus?
Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 52.Class. and post-class., always with subj.1.With pres. subj.:2.cum de bonis et de caede agatur, testimonium dicturus est is qui et sector est et sicarius,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 36, 103; id. Clu. 24, 65; id. Leg. 1, 7, 22:et cum tibi, viro, liceat purpura in veste stragula uti, matrem familias tuam purpureum amiculum habere non sines?
Liv. 34, 7, 3; Sen. Prov. 4, 10; id. Clem. 1, 18, 2; id. Ben. 2, 16, 1.—With perf. subj.: an tu, cum omnem auctoritatem universi ordinis pro pignore putaris, eamque... concideris, me his existimas pignoribus terreri? Crass. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 1, 4:3.indignatur exul aliquid sibi deesse, cum defuerit Scipioni dos?
Sen. Cons. Helv. 12, 7; id. Ira, 3, 12, 7; freq. pres. and perf. subj. retained, if dependent on preterites, Cic. Brut. 71, 250; id. Agr. 3, 2, 5.—With imperf. subj.:4.ita, cum maximis eum rebus liberares, perparvam amicitiae culpam relinquebas,
Cic. Deiot. 3, 10:hunc Egnatium censores, cum patrem eicerent, retinuerunt,
id. Clu. 48, 135:eorum erat V. milium numerus, cum ipsi non amplius octingentos equites haberent,
Caes. B. G. 4, 11; Liv. 1, 55, 3; Cic. de Or. 1, 1, 1; 1, 53, 227; 2, 50, 203; id. Clu. 5, 12; id. Ac. 1, 10, 38 sq.; Liv. 39, 49, 1; Val. Max. 1, 6, 11; 3, 2, 10 fin. —With pluperf. subj.:IV.Socratis ingenium immortalitati scriptis suis Plato tradidit, cum ipse litteram Socrates nullam reliquisset,
Cic. de Or. 3, 16, 60; id. Ac. 2, 1, 2; id. Prov. Cons. 11, 27; Val. Max. 1, 8, 11.Concessive, although, denoting a reason for the contrary of the principal sentence.A.Ante-class., mostly with indic.1.Indic.:2.qui it lavatum In balineas, quom ibi sedulo sua vestimenta servat, Tam subripiuntur,
Plaut. Rud. 2, 3, 52; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 12; Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 26; id. Truc. 1, 2, 89 (95); id. Stich. 1, 2, 67.—With subj.: nihilominus ipsi lucet, quom illi accenderit, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 16, 51 (Trag. Rel. v. 389 Rib.).B.Class. and post-class., always with subj.1.Pres. subj.:2.testis est Graecia, quae cum eloquentiae studio sit incensa, jamdiuque excellat in ea... tamen omnis artis vetustiores habet,
Cic. Brut. 7, 26:nam (Druentia) cum aquae vim vehat ingentem, non tamen navium patiens est,
Liv. 21, 31, 11.—Imperf. subj.:3.ego autem, cum consilium tuum probarem, et idem ipse sentirem, nihil proficiebam,
Cic. Fam. 4, 1, 1:non poterant tamen, cum cuperent, Apronium imitari,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 34, § 78; id. de Or. 1, 28, 126; id. Brut. 7, 28; 91, 314; id. Inv. 2, 31, 97; id. Clu. 40, 110; Caes. B. G. 5, 40; Liv. 5, 38, 5; Nep. Att. 13, 1; so,quae cum ita essent... tamen,
although this was so, Cic. Clu. 34, 94; id. Fam. 2, 16, 2.—With pluperf. subj.:V.cui cum Cato et Caninius intercessissent, tamen est perscripta,
Cic. Fam. 1, 2, 4:patrem meum, cum proscriptus non esset, jugulastis,
id. Rosc. Am. 11, 32.In hypothetical clauses, always with imperf. or pluperf. subj., = si, but defining an assumed or fictitious time.1.With imperf. subj.:2.quis ex populo, cum Scaevolam dicentem audiret in ea causa, quicquam politius aut elegantius exspectaret?
Cic. Brut. 55, 194:etiam tum quiesceretis cum rem publicam a facinorosissimis sicariis esse oppressam videretis?
id. Sest. 38, 81; id. Rosc. Am. 31, 86; id. Verr. 2, 1, 10, §§ 28 and 29.—With pluperf. subj.:quod esset judicium cum de Verris turpissimo comitatu tres recuperatorum nomine adsedissent?
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 12, § 30:mors cum exstinxisset invidiam, res ejus gestae sempiterni nominis glorianiterentur,
id. Balb. 6, 16. -
3 cum
1.cum (archaic form COM, found in an inscr., COM PREIVATVD; in MSS. sometimes quom or quum), prep. with abl. [for skom, Sanscr. root sak, together; cf. sequor, and Gr. koinos, sun], designates in gen. accompaniment, community, connection of one object with another (opp. sine, separatim, etc.), with, together, together with, in connection or company with, along with; sometimes also to be translated and.I.In gen., Plaut. Am. prol. 95:b.qui cum Amphitruone abiit hinc in exercitum,
id. ib. prol. 125:cum Pansā vixi in Pompeiano,
Cic. Att. 14, 20, 4:semper ille antea cum uxore, tum sine eā,
id. Mil. 21, 55:quibuscum essem libenter,
id. Fam. 5, 21, 1; cf.:cum quibus in ceteris intellegis afuisse,
id. Sull. 3, 7:si cenas hodie mecum,
Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 70:vagamur egentes cum conjugibus et liberis,
Cic. Att. 8, 2, 3:errare malo cum Platone, etc.,
id. Tusc. 1, 17, 39:qui unum imperium unumque magistratum cum ipsis habeant,
Caes. B. G. 2, 3 et saep.—In an expression of displeasure:B.in' hinc, quo dignus, cum donis tuis Tam lepidis,
Ter. Eun. 4, 3, 9; cf. Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 33; Ter. And. 5, 4, 38; id. Eun. 1, 2, 73; id. Heaut. 4, 6, 7 al.—In a designation of time with which some action concurs:C.egone abs te abii hinc hodie cum diluculo?
Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 121; so,cum primo luci,
id. Cist. 2, 1, 58:cras cum filio cum primo luci ibo hinc,
Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 55; Cic. Off. 3, 31, 112; cf.:cum primā luce,
id. Att. 4, 3, 4; and:cum primo lumine solis,
Verg. A. 7, 130: cum primo mane, Auct. B. Afr. 62: cum mane, Lucil. ap. Diom. p. 372 P:pariter cum ortu solis,
Sall. J. 106, 5:pariter cum occasu solis,
id. ib. 68, 2; cf.:cum sole reliquit,
Verg. A. 3, 568 et saep.:mane cum luci simul,
Plaut. Merc. 2, 1, 31; v. simul: exiit cum nuntio (i. e. at the same time with, etc.), Caes. B. G. 5, 46; cf.: cum his nuntius Romam ad consulendum redit ( = hama toisde), Liv. 1, 32, 10:simul cum dono designavit templo Jovis fines,
id. 1, 10, 5; cf.:et vixisse cum re publicā pariter, et cum illā simul extinctus esse videatur,
Cic. de Or. 3, 3, 10.—In designating the relations, circumstances, way, and manner with which any act is connected, by which it is accompanied, under or in which it takes place, etc., with, in, under, in the midst of, among, to, at: aliquid cum malo suo facere, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 4, 4; cf.:b.cum magnā calamitate et prope pernicie civitatis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:cum summā rei publicae salute et cum tuā peste ac pernicie cumque eorum exitio, qui, etc.,
id. Cat. 1, 13, 33:cum magno provinciae periculo,
Caes. B. G. 1, 10:cum summo probro,
Ter. And. 5, 3, 10: cum summo terrore hominum, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24, 6:cum summā tuā dignitate,
Cic. Fin. 4, 22, 61:cum bonā alite,
Cat. 61, 19:ferendum hoc onus est cum labore,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 21; cf. Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 59:multis cum lacrimis aliquem obsecrare,
amid many tears, Caes. B. G. 1, 20; cf.:hunc ipsum abstulit magno cum gemitu civitatis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 19, § 49:orare cum lacrimis coepere,
Liv. 5, 30, 5:si minus cum curā aut cautelā locus loquendi lectus est,
Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 6 Ritschl; so,cum curā,
Cic. Inv. 1, 39, 70; Sall. J. 54, 1; Liv. 22, 42, 5 et saep.; cf.:cum summo studio,
Sall. C. 51, 38:cum quanto studio periculoque,
Liv. 8, 25, 12 al.:cum multā venustate et omni sale,
Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 9:summā cum celeritate ad exercitum rediit,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 52:maximo cum clamore involant,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 89:cum clamore,
Liv. 2, 23, 8; 5, 45, 2:cum clamore ac tumultu,
id. 9, 31, 8; cf.:Athenienses cum silentio auditi sunt,
id. 38, 10, 4; 7, 35, 1:illud cum pace agemus,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 29, 83:cum bonā pace,
Liv. 1, 24, 3; 21, 24, 5:cum bonā gratiā,
Cic. Fat. 4, 7:cum bonā veniā,
Liv. 29, 1, 7; cf.:cum veniā,
Ov. Tr. 4, 1, 104; Quint. 10, 1, 72:cum virtute vivere,
Cic. Fin. 3, 8, 29; cf. id. ib. 2, 11, 34:cum judicio,
Quint. 10, 1, 8:cum firmā memoriā,
id. 5, 10, 54:legata cum fide ac sine calumniā persolvere,
Suet. Calig. 16:spolia in aede... cum sollemni dedicatione dono fixit,
Liv. 4, 20, 3.—Attributively, with subst.:2.et huic proelium cum Tuscis ad Janiculum erat crimini,
Liv. 2, 52, 7 Weissenb. ad loc.:frumenti cum summā caritate inopia erat,
id. 2, 12, 1; 2, 5, 2; 7, 29, 3.—Cum eo quod, ut, or ne (in an amplification or limitation), with the circumstance or in the regard that, on or under the condition, with the exception, that, etc. (except once in Cic. epistt. not ante-Aug.).(α).Cum eo quod, with indic., Quint. 12, 10, 47 Spald.; 10, 7, 13; so,(β).cum eo quidem, quod, etc.,
id. 2, 4, 30. —With subj.:sit sane, quoniam ita tu vis: sed tamen cum eo, credo, quod sine peccato meo fiat,
Cic. Att. 6, 1, 7.—With ut:(γ).Antium nova colonia missa cum eo, ut Antiatibus permitteretur, si et ipsi adscribi coloni vellent,
Liv. 8, 14, 8; so id. 8, 14, 2; 30, 10, 21; 36, 5, 3; Cels. 3, 22.—So with tamen:cum eo tamen, ut nullo tempore is... non sit sustinendus,
Cels. 3, 5 fin.; 4, 6 fin. —With ne:3.obsequar voluntati tuae cum eo, ne dubites, etc.,
Col. 5, 1, 4:cum eo, ne amplius quam has urant,
Cels. 7, 22; and with tamen:cum eo tamen, ne, etc.,
id. 2, 17.—Cum dis volentibus, etc., with God's help, by the will of the gods, sun theôi:4.cum divis volentibus quodque bene eveniat mando tibi, Mani, etc.,
Cato, R. R. 141, 1: volentibu' cum magnis dis, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38:agite, cum dis bene juvantibus arma capite,
Liv. 21, 43, 7; so,cum superis,
Claud. Cons. Stil. III. p. 174.—Cum with an ordinal number (cum octavo, cum decimo, etc.) for our - fold, in economical lang., of the multiplication of cultivated products:D.ut ex eodem semine aliubi cum decimo redeat, aliubi cum quinto decimo,
ten-, fifteenfold, Varr. R. R. 1, 44, 1; so,cum octavo, cum decimo,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 47, § 112:cum centesimo,
Plin. 18, 10, 21, § 95; cf. with a subst.:cum centesimā fruge agricolis faenus reddente terrā,
id. 5, 4, 3, § 24.—With a means or instrument, considered as attending or accompanying the actor in his action (so most freq. anteclass., or in the poets and scientific writers): acribus inter se cum armis confligere, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 261, 6: effundit voces proprio cum pectore, Enn. ap. Serv. ad Verg. G. 2, 424: cum voce maximā conclamat, Claud. Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 10:II.cum linguā lingere,
Cat. 98, 3:cum suo gurgite accepit venientem (fluvius),
Verg. A. 9, 816:cum vino et oleo ungere,
Veg. 1, 11, 8 et saep.:terra in Augurum libris scripta cum R uno,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 21 Müll.In partic.A.Completing the meaning of verbs.1.With verbs of union, connection, and agreement: cum veteribus copiis se conjungere, Caes. B. G. 1, 37:2.ut proprie cohaereat cum narratione,
Auct. Her. 1, 7, 11:(haec) arbitror mihi constare cum ceteris scriptoribus,
id. 1, 9, 16:interfectam esse... convenit mihi cum adversariis,
id. 1, 10, 17; cf. Cic. Inv. 1, 22, 31:quī autem poterat in gratiam redire cum Oppianico Cluentius?
id. Clu. 31, 86:hanc sententiam cum virtute congruere semper,
id. Off. 3, 3, 13:foedera quibus etiam cum hoste devincitur fides,
id. ib. 3, 31, 111:capita nominis Latini stare ac sentire cum rege videbant,
Liv. 1, 52, 4:cum aliquo in gratiam redire,
id. 3, 58, 4:stabat cum eo senatūs majestas,
id. 8, 34, 1:conjurasse cum Pausaniā,
Curt. 7, 1, 6:Autronium secum facere,
Cic. Sull. 13, 36; cf. also conecto, colligo, consentio, compono, etc.—Of companionship, association, sharing, etc.:3.cum his me oblecto, qui res gestas aut orationes scripserunt suas,
Cic. de Or. 2, 14, 61:quoniam vivitur, non cum perfectis hominibus, sed cum iis, etc.,
id. Off. 1, 15, 46:nulla (societas) carior quam ea quae cum re publicā est unicuique nostrum,
id. ib. 1, 17, 51:cum civibus vivere,
id. ib. 1, 34, 124:cum M. Fabio mihi summus usus est,
id. Fam. 9, 25, 2; cf.:cum quibus publice privatimque hospitia amicitiasque junxerant,
Liv. 1, 45, 2:partiri cum Dinaeā matre jussit,
Cic. Clu. 7, 21:cum Baebio communicare,
id. ib. 16, 47; cf.of local association, nearness: cum mortuā jugulatum servum nudum positurum ait,
Liv. 1, 58, 4:duos tamen pudor cum eo tenuit,
id. 2, 10, 5.—Of intercourse, traffic, etc.:4.cum aliquo agere,
to deal with, Cic. Ac. 2, 35, 112; Caes. B. G. 1, 13:cum eo Accius injuriarum agit,
Auct. Her. 1, 14, 24:si par est agere cum civibus,
Cic. Off. 2, 23, 83; 3, 22, 88; id. Scaur. 10, 20; cf. id. Fam. 5, 18, 1; Liv. 1, 19, 7; 3, 9, 13; 4, 15, 2; Val. Max. 4, 3, 8:si mihi cum Peripateticis res esset,
Cic. Ac. 2, 35, 112:tecum enim mihi res est,
id. Rosc. Am. 30, 84:uni tibi et cum singulis res est,
Liv. 2, 12, 11:pacem cum Sabinis facere,
Cic. Off. 3, 30, 109.—Esp.: agere cum aliquo, to have a lawsuit with, Gai Inst. 4, 87; 4, 114 et saep.; v. ago, II. B. 8. a., and II. B. 9.; consisto, I. B. 5.; cf. also pango, etc.—Of deliberation and discussion:5.haec ego cum ipsis philosophis disserebam,
Cic. de Or. 1, 13, 57:tempus cum conjuratis consultando absumunt,
Liv. 2, 4, 3 et saep.; v. also cogito, reputo, dubito, etc.—Of strife, difference, etc.:6.quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt,
Caes. B. G. 1, 1:cum Cleanthe quam multis rebus Chrysippus dissidet!
Cic. Ac. 2, 47, 143:neque tam quererer cum deo quod, etc.,
id. ib. 2, 25, 81:cum quo Antiochum saepe disputantem audiebam,
id. ib. 2, 4, 11:cum stomacheretur cum Metello,
id. Or. 2, 66, 267:manu cum hoste confligere,
id. Off. 1, 23, 81:utilia cum honestis pugnare,
id. ib. 3, 7, 34: cum Catone dissentire. id. ib. 3, 22, 88:cum majoribus nostris bella gessit,
id. Scaur. 19, 45; Liv. 1, 35, 7; 7, 22, 4:cum Auruncis bellum inire,
id. 2, 16, 8; cf.:cum Volscis aequo Marte discessum est,
id. 2, 40, 14:inimicitias cum Africano gerere,
Val. Max. 4, 1, 8; Sen. Vit. Beat. 2, 3:cum Scipione dissentire,
Val. Max. 4, 1, 12:cum utrāque (uxore) divortium fecit,
Suet. Claud. 26; cf. also certo, pugno, discrepo, differo, distraho, dissentio, etc.—Of comparison:B.nec Arcesilae calumnia conferenda est cum Democriti verecundiā,
Cic. Ac. 2, 5, 14:hanc rationem dicendi cum imperatoris laude comparare,
id. de Or. 1, 2, 8:conferam Sullamne cum Junio,
id. Clu. 34, 94:(orationem) cum magnitudine utilitatis comparare,
id. Off. 2, 6, 20.—Pregn., implying the notion of being furnished, endowed, clothed with any thing, or of possessing, holding, suffering under, etc., in a lit. and trop. sense: ille vir haud magnā cum re sed plenus fidei, Enn. ap. Cic. Sen. 1, 1 (cf. the antith.:C.hominem sine re, sine fide,
Cic. Cael. 32, 78):a portu illuc nunc cum laternā advenit,
Plaut. Am. prol. 149:cadus cum vino,
id. Stich. 5, 1, 7; cf. id. Pers. 2, 3, 15:olla cum aquā,
Cato, R. R. 156:arcula cum ornamentis,
Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 91:fiscos cum pecuniā Siciliensi,
Cic. Verr. 1, 8, 22:onerariae naves cum commeatu,
Liv. 30, 24, 5 et saep.:cum servili schemā,
Plaut. Am. prol. 117;so of clothing,
id. Rud. 1, 4, 31; Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 24, § 54; 2, 5, 13, § 31; [p. 490] id. Rab. Post. 10, 27; Liv. 35, 34, 7; Suet. Claud. 13; Sil. 1, 94 et saep.:ut ne quis cum telo servus esset,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 3, § 7;so of weapons,
id. Phil. 2, 8, 19; cf.:inmissi cum falcibus, etc.,
id. Tusc. 5, 23, 65:vidi argenteum Cupidinem cum lampade,
holding, id. Verr. 2, 2, 47, § 115:simulacrum Cereris cum faucibus,
id. ib. 2, 4, 49, §109: cum elephanti capite puer natus,
Liv. 27, 11, 5; cf.:cum quinque pedibus natus,
id. 30, 2, 10; 33, 1, 11; 27, 4, 14 al.: omnia cum pulchris animis Romana juventus, Enn. ap. Don. ad Ter. Phorm. 3, 1, 1; cf.Ter. ib.: Minucius cum vulnere gravi relatus in castra,
Liv. 9, 44, 14:te Romam venisse cum febri,
Cic. Att. 6, 9, 1; so id. de Or. 3, 2, 6; id. Clu. 62, 175: cum eisdem suis vitiis nobilissimus, with all his faults, i. e. in spite of, id. ib. 40, 112:ex eis qui cum imperio sint,
id. Fam. 1, 1, 3 Manut.; cf.:cum imperio aut magistratu,
Suet. Tib. 12 Bremi; v. imperium.—With idem (never of the identity of two subjects, but freq. of the relation of two subjects to the same object, etc.;D.v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 538): tibi mecum in eodem est pistrino vivendum,
Cic. de Or. 2, 33, 144:quandoque tu... omnibus in eisdem flagitiis mecum versatus es,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 80, § 187:Numidae... in eādem mecum Africā geniti,
Liv. 30, 12, 15; 28, 28, 14; Tac. A. 15, 2; Val. Max. 6, 5, 3.—In the adverb. phrase, cum primis, with the foremost, i.e. especially, particularly (rare), Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 28, § 68; id. Brut. 62, 224.—Post-class. also as one word: cumprīmis, Gell. 1, 12, 7 al.► a.Cum in anastrophe. So always with the pers. pron.: mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, etc.; cf. Cic. Or. 45, 154; Prisc. pp. 949 and 988 P.; and in gen. with the rel. pron.:b.quocum (quīcum), quacum, quibuscum, quīcum (for quocum),
Cic. Or. 45, 154; Liv. 38, 9, 2; Cic. Att. 5, 1, 4; id. Verr. 2, 2, 31, §§ 76 and 77; Caes. B. G. 1, 8; Cic. Rep. 1, 10, 15; id. Att. 4, 9, 2; id. Off. 1, 35, 126; Quint. 8, 6, 65; 10, 5, 7; 11, 2, 38. But where cum is emphatic, or a demonstrative pron. is understood, cum is placed before the rel.; cf.:his de rebus velim cum Pompeio, cum Camillo, cum quibus vobis videbitur, consideretis,
Cic. Fam. 14, 14, 3:adhibuit sibi quindecim principes cum quibus causas cognovit,
id. Off. 2, 23, 82; Liv. 1, 45, 2.—Before et... et, connecting two substt.:III.cum et diurno et nocturno metu,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 23, 66.In compounds the primitive form com was alone in use, and was unchanged before b, p, m: comburo, compono, committo, and a few words beginning with vowels: comes, comitium, and comitor; m was assimilated before r: corripio; often before l: colligo or conligo; rarely before n, as connumero, but usually dropped: conecto, conitor, conubium; with the change of m into n before all the remaining consonants: concutio, condono, confero, congero, conqueror, consumo, contero, convinco; so, conjicio, etc., but more usually conicio; and with the rejection of m before vowels and before h: coarguo, coëo, coinquino, coopto, cohibeo.—B.It designates,1.A being or bringing together of several objects: coëo, colloquor, convivor, etc.: colligo, compono, condo, etc.—2.The completeness, perfecting of any act, and thus gives intensity to the signif. of the simple word, as in commaculo, commendo, concito, etc., comminuo, concerpo, concido, convello, etc.2.Cum (ante-class. quom; freq. in MSS. of Cicero; the post-class. form quum is incorrectly given in many MSS. and edd.), conj. [pronom. stem ka- or kva- with acc. case ending].I.Of time, when, as, while, sometimes = after, since.A.In adverbial clauses dependent on non-preterite predicates.1.The time designated by cum being indefinite, when, if, whenever, always with indic., except in the instances A. 2.a.Cum with pres. indic., often equivalent to si.(α).With principal predicate in pres.:(β).nam omnes id faciunt quom se amari intellegunt,
Plaut. Truc. prol. 17:facile, quom valemus, recta consilia aegrotis damus,
Ter. And. 2, 1, 9; Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 44; id. Poen. 4, 2, 20; id. Truc. 1, 1, 46; Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 11:cum semen maturum habet, tum tempestiva est,
Cato, R. R. 17; 41: quid? tum cum es iratus, permittis illi iracundiae dominationem animi tui? Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 59:cum permagna praemia sunt, est causa peccandi,
id. Off. 3, 20, 79; id. de Or. 3, 23, 87:quidam vivere tunc incipiunt cum desinendum est,
Sen. Ep. 23, 11.—With principal predicate in fut. (rare):(γ).ad cujus igitur fidem confugiet cum per ejus fidem laeditur cui se commiserit?
Cic. Rosc. Am. 40, 116; id. Leg. 3, 10, 24; id. Fl. 17, 40; Verg. A. 12, 208.—With principal predicate in logical perf. (mostly poet.):b.haud invito ad auris sermo mi accessit tuos, Quom te postputasse omnis res prae parente intellego,
Ter. Hec. 3, 5, 33:qui cum levati morbo videntur, in eum de integro inciderunt,
Cic. Fam. 12, 30, 2:(dolor) Cum furit... Profuit incensos aestus avertere ( = prodest),
Verg. G. 3, 457:nemo non, cum alteri prodest, sibi profuit,
Sen. Ep. 81, 19; Cic. Att. 4, 18, 1; Liv. 8, 8, 11; Verg. A. 9, 435; id. G. 1, 288.—With logical perf. indic.(α).With principal predicate in pres. (very freq.), the perf. translated either by English pres. perf. or by pres.: omnia sunt incerta cum a jure discessum est, when we ( once) disregard the law, Cic. Fam. 9, 16, 1:(β).gubernatores cum exultantes loligines viderunt... tempestatem significari putant,
id. Div. 2, 70, 145:cum depulsi sunt agni a matribus, diligentia adhibenda est ne, etc.,
Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 17:cum ejus generis copia defecit, ad innocentium supplicia descendunt,
Caes. B. G. 6, 16, 5:(hostis) cum intravit... modum a captivis non accipit,
Sen. Ira, 1, 8, 2:quia enim, cum prima cognovi, jungere extrema cupio,
Plin. Ep. 7, 10, 1; Cic. Or. 1, 33, 153; id. Div. 2, 26, 56; id. Brut. 24, 93; id. Cat. 4, 6, 12; id. Fam. 6, 3, 3; Auct. Her. 4, 50, 63; Caes. B. G. 4, 33; 5, 21; Liv. 22, 9, 8; 34, 31, 4; Val. Max. 8, 10 prooem.; 9, 6 init.; Sen. Ep. 3, 2; 21, 9; id. Cons. Helv. 13, 2; Curt. 3, 3, 18; Plin. 18, 7, 10, § 60; Quint. 4, 2, 122; 10, 7, 14.—In oblique clauses the perf. indic. may remain, or may be changed into perf. subj., even after preterites, Cic. Off. 1, 28, 26; 2, 20, 69.—With principal predicate in fut. ( poet.), Ov. P. 1, 5, 47.—(γ).With two logical perff. (rare):c.cum id factum est, tamen grex dominum non mutavit,
Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 6:quae cum se disposuit... summum bonum tetigit,
Sen. Vit. Beat. 8, 5; id. Tranq. 17, 11; id. Ben. 1, 1, 5. —With fut.(α).With principal predicate in fut.:(β).ita fere officia reperientur, cum quaeretur, quid deceat, etc.,
Cic. Off. 1, 34, 125; Auct. Her. 2, 7, 10; 2, 12, 17.— So with principal predicate in fut. imper:etiam tum cum verisimile erit aliquem commisisse... latratote,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 20, 57, id. Mur. 31, 65; id. Att. 3, 8, 4; Liv. 35, 19, 6.—With principal predicate in pres.:d.in talibus... stabilitas amicitiae confirmari potest, cum homines cupiditatibus imperabunt,
Cic. Lael. 22, 82; Val. Max. 4, 8 prooem.—With fut. perf.(α).With principal predicate in pres.:(β).quam (spem), cum in otium venerimus, habere volumus,
Cic. Att. 1, 7:nec irascimur illis cum sessorem recusaverint,
Sen. Const. 12, 3; id. Cons. Marc. 7, 2.—With principal predicate in fut. indic.:(γ).cum haec erunt considerata, statim nostrae legis expositione... utemur,
Auct. Her. 2, 10, 15:cum viderit secari patrem suum filiumve, vir bonus non flebit?
Sen. Ira, 1, 12, 1.—In oblique clauses, dependent on preterites, it is changed to the pluperf. subj.:qui tum demum beatum terrarum orbem futurum praedicavit cum aut sapientes regnare, aut reges sapere coepissent,
Val. Max. 7, 2, ext. 4.—With principal predicate in fut. imper.:(δ).cum tempestates pluviae fuerint, videtote quot dies, etc.,
Cato, R. R. 2, 3; 25 init.; 38.—With two fut. perff.:e.cum bene cesserit negotiatio, multum militia retulerit,
Sen. Cons. Helv. 10, 6.—In partic.(α).In definitions with pres, indic.:(β).humile genus est (causae) cum contempta res adfertur,
Auct. Her. 1, 3, 5:purgatio est cum factum conceditur, culpa removetur,
Cic. Inv. 1, 11, 15: maxima est capitis deminutio cum aliquis simul et civitatem et libertatem amittit, Gai Inst. 1, 160; Auct. Her. 1, 46; 2, 4, 6; 4, 12, 17; 4, 53, 66 et saep. —Etiam cum (less freq. cum etiam), even when (nearly = etiamsi), always with indic. if dependent on other than preterite predicates. (1) With pres.: qui cavet ne decipiatur, vix cavet, quom etiam cavet, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 5:(γ).in quo scelere, etiam cum multae causae convenisse... videntur, tamen non temere creditur,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 22, 62:qui incolunt maritimas urbis, etiam cum manent corpore, animo tamen excursant,
id. Rep. 2, 4, 7; Curt. 6, 3, 10; Plin. Ep. 1, 8, 6.—(2) With fut.:etiam cum potentes nocere intendent,
Sen. Const. 4, 1. —(3) With fut. perf.:cum etiam plus contenderimus, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 1, 8, 7; Sen. Ben. 4, 13, 3.—(4) In oblique clauses with imperf. subj., Cic. Fragm. Tog. Cand. 15.—Anteclass. with indic. in addressing indefinite persons in rules, after imper.:2.sorba in sapa cum vis condere, arida facias,
Cato, R. R. 7 fin. — Always with indic. if a certain person is addressed; cf. Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 59 (l. A. 1. a. a supra); id. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 47.—With subj. referring to indefinite time.a. (α).With pres. subj.:(β).acerbum'st pro benefactis quom mali messim metas,
Plaut. Ep. 5, 2, 53:quom faciem videas, videtur esse quantivis preti,
Ter. And. 5, 2, 15; Plaut. Cas. 3, 2, 32; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 38; id. Merc. 3, 2, 7 and 8 et saep.:difficile est tacere cum doleas,
Cic. Sull. 10, 31:etiam interpretatio nominis habet acumen cum ad ridiculum convertas,
id. de Or. 2, 63, 257; 2, 64, 259; 2, 67, 269; 2, 75, 305; 3, 38, 156; Sen. Ep. 75, 4 et saep.—With perf. subj.:b.difficile est cum praestare omnibus concupieris, servare aequitatem,
Cic. Off. 1, 19, 64:quos (versus) cum cantu spoliaveris, nuda paene remanet oratio,
id. Or. 55, 183; id. Lael. 21, 77; id. Inv. 1, 47, 88; Sall. C. 12, 3; 51, 24; 58, 16.—In the jurists, in a clause exemplifying a general rule: cum ergo ita scriptum sit Heres Titius esto, addicere debemus, Gai Inst. 2, 165; so id. ib. 4, 97; 3, 161; Auct. Her. 4, 31, 42.—c.In the phrase audio cum dicat (I. F. 1, b. infra):d.saepe soleo audire Roscium cum ita dicat se, etc.,
Cic. de Or. 2, 28, 129.—When, after cum, an imperfect or pluperfect is used as a logical tense (post-Aug.): non tulit gratis qui cum rogasset accepit, who has asked for the favor, and, etc., Sen. Ben. 2, 1, 4; 2, 3, 1; 2, 13, 2; id. Ep. 86, 8.—e.If the principal predicate is a potential subjunctive, an indefinite clause with a present or future after cum is always in the same mood:3.caveto quom ventus siet aut imber, effodias aut seras,
Cato, R. R. 28:quis tam dissoluto animo est qui, haec cum videat, tacere ac neglegere possit?
Cic. Rosc. Am. 11, 32; id. Planc. 39, 94; id. Clu. 55, 153; id. Inv. 1, 4, 87; 1, 51, 95; Auct. Her. 4, 6, 9; 4, 32, 43.—Of definite time, always with indic. (for exceptions, v. 4. infra), when, if, while (for the distinction between cum and si, cf.:a.formam mihi totius rei publicae, si jam es Romae, aut cum eris, velim mittas,
Cic. Att. 6, 3, 4:quae si prodierit, atque adeo cum prodierit—scio enim proditurum esse—audiet,
id. Rosc. Am. 25, 100:si damnatus eris, atque adeo cum damnatus eris—nam dubitatio quae poterit esse? etc.,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 29, § 70; id. Or. 2, 75, 304; Sen. Ep. 83, 10).Cum with pres. indic.(α).Principal predicate in pres.:(β).certe, edepol, quom illum contemplo et formam cognosco meam... nimis simili'st mei,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 288; so id. Poen. 1, 2, 71; id. Pers. 4, 4, 15; Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 45: Py. Ne fle. Ph. Non queo Quom te video, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 14; id. Am. 1, 1, 260; id. Rud. 3, 4, 38:potestne tibi ulla spes salutis ostendi cum recordaris in deos immortalis quam impius... fueris?
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 47: cum hoc vereor, et cupio tibi... parcere, rursus immuto voluntatem meam ( = while), id. Rosc. Am. 34, 95; Serv. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 4:equidem cum... recordor, vix aetatem Alexandri suffecturam fuisse reor ad unum bellum,
Liv. 9, 19, 12; Cic. Planc. 12, 29; id. Clu. 10, 29; Liv. 40, 46, 3:quod cum ita est,
if this is so, Quint. 24, 58 (cf.:quodsi ita est,
Cic. Mur. 2, 5); so,often, nunc cum: qui modo nusquam conparebas, nunc quom conpares, peris,
Plaut. Aul. 4, 4, 2; so id. ib. 1, 3, 35; 2, 2, 17; id. As. 1, 2, 18; Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 39:nos de injusto rege nihil loquimur, nunc cum de ipsa regali re publica quaerimus,
Cic. Rep. 3, 35, 47; Liv. 44, 39, 7.—So with logical perf. for the pres., Quint. 4, 2, 122.—But Cicero always uses nunc cum with a subj. when the clause, while designating present time, generally [p. 491] in opposition to a former time, implies a reason for the principal action, now that:quodsi tum, cum res publica severitatem desiderabat, vici naturam, etc., nunc cum omnes me causae ad misericordiam... vocent, quanto tandem studio, etc.,
Cic. Mur. 2, 3, 6; id. Fam. 9, 16, 7; id. Font. 15, 35 (25); id. Imp. Pomp. 10, 27; 17, 50; not found in later writers, except in the Gallic panegyrists, e. g. Eum. Grat. Act. 2 init. —With principal predicate in the logical perf., if (ante-class.):b.Curculio hercle verba mihi dedit quom cogito,
Plaut. Curc. 4, 4, 27:sed tandem, quom recogito, qui potis est scire, haec scire me?
id. Stich. 2, 1, 29; id. Mil. 4, 8, 64.—Cum with logical perf. indic.(α).Principal predicate in pres.:(β).ergo quom optume fecisti, nunc adest occasio Benefacta cumulare,
after doing excellently, Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 63: quo etiam major vir habendus est (Numa), cum illam sapientiam constituendae civitatis duobus prope saeculis ante cognovit, quam, etc. ( = siquidem, if he has; seeing that he has), Cic. de Or. 2, 37, 154; Verg. A. 9, 249.—With principal predicate in fut. ( poet.):c.at cumst imposta corona, Clamabis capiti vina subisse meo (est imposta = erit imposta),
Prop. 4 (5), 2, 30.—With fut.(α).With principal predicate in fut.:(β).quom videbis tum scies,
Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 37; id. Am. 3, 3, 15; id. Men. 5, 7, 7; Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 82; id. Heaut. prol. 33:sed cum certum sciam faciam te paulo ante certiorem,
Cic. Fam. 9, 23; 3, 11, 3; 12, 30, 5; 14, 3, 4; id. Q. Fr. 3, 8, 2; Liv. 3, 53, 10.—With principal predicate in fut. perf.:(γ).cum tu haec leges, ego jam annuum munus confecero,
Cic. Fam. 2, 12, 1.—With principal predicate in imper. fut.:(δ).mox quom imitabor Sauream, caveto ne succenseas,
Plaut. As. 2, 2, 105; id. Mil. 3, 3, 59.—With principal predicate in subj. (potential):(ε).cum testes ex Sicilia dabo, quem volet ille eligat,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 22, § 48; id. Off. 1, 34, 122; 3, 10, 46; id. Att. 4, 9, 1; 4, 10, 2; 4, 17, 1 et saep.—In oblique clauses, after preterites, changed into imperf. subj., Caes. B. C. 2, 40; after other tenses it is either changed into pres. subj. or remains unchanged, Cic. Fam. 1, 56, 2; 1, 7, 4; Sall. C. 58, 8.—d.With fut. perf.(α).With principal predicate in fut.:(β).mox dabo quom ab re divina rediero,
Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 193; id. Am. 1, 1, 43; 1, 2, 4; Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 8:cum haec docuero, tum illud ostendam, etc.,
Cic. Clu. 4, 9; id. Verr. 2, 1, 1, § 3; id. de Or. 2, 33, 143; 2, 59, 239; id. Att. 3, 23, 5 et saep.—In oblique clauses, after preterites, the fut. perf. is changed into pluperf. subj., Cic. Rosc. Am. 10, 28; 28, 78; Liv. 1, 56, 11; 5, 30, 1; after other tenses, and often in oblique oration, it remains unchanged, or is changed into perf. subj., Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 71, § 183; id. Fam. 2, 5, 2 dub.; Liv. 21, 13, 8; 3, 56, 10.—With principal predicate in imper. (almost always fut. imper.):(γ).quod quom dixero, si placuerit, Facitote,
Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 37:cum ego Granium testem produxero, refellito, si poteris,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 59, § 154; id. Marcell. 9, 27; id. Fam. 16, 4, 3; Tac. A. 1, 22.—With pres. imper., Liv. 24, 38, 7.—With principal predicate in subj. (potential):4.quae cum omnia collegeris, tum ipse velim judices satisne videatur,
Cic. Fam. 5, 2, 4; id. Or. 13, 41 dub.—In oblique clauses, after non-preterites, the fut. perf. remains unchanged:oro, ne me hodie, cum isti respondero, putetis, etc.,
Cic. Phil. 2, 5, 10; id. Clu. 2, 6.—With subj. in definite time.a.Sometimes in oblique construction (3. c. e; 3. d. a).—b.Sometimes by attraction:c.curata fac sint quom a foro redeam domum,
Plaut. Aul. 2, 3, 6; 2, 3, 11; id. Stich. 1, 2, 8; id. Curc. 2, 2, 3:non admirere cum ego ipse me id ex te primum audisse confitear?
Cic. Planc. 24, 58. —In the semi-causal connection nunc cum, v. 3, a. a fin. supra.B.In adverbial anterior clauses dependent on preterite predicates, the time of the cum clause preceding that of the principal sentence (always with subj., except in the instances mentioned 2.; 3. a; and 5.), when, after.1.With pluperf. subj. (so generally): quom socios nostros mandisset impius Cyclops, Liv. And. Fragm. ap. Prisc. 8, p. 817 (Lubbert conjectures, without sufficient reason, mandit sex): quom saucius multifariam ibi factus esset, tamen volnus capiti nullum evenit, Cato, Orig. ap. Gell. 3, 7, 19:2.portisculus signum cum dare coepisset,
Enn. Ann. v. 234 Vahl.:quom testamento patris partisset bona,
Afran. Com. Rel. v. 50 Rib.: quem quom ibi vidissent Hortensius Postumiusque, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 4, 32; Enn. Ann. v. 241 Vahl.; Turp. Com. Rel. v. 48 Rib.; Lucil. ap. Non. p. 394, 27 (the MSS. reading:quom venisset,
Plaut. As. 2, 3, 15, is corrupt):audivi summos homines cum quaestor ex Macedonia venissem Athenas,
Cic. de Or. 1, 11, 45:haec cum Crassus dixisset, silentium est consecutum,
id. ib. 1, 35, 160:cum Thebani Lacedaemonios bello superavissent... aeneum statuerunt tropaeum,
id. Inv. 2, 23, 69:Dionysius cum fanum Proserpinae Locris expilavisset, navigabat Syracusas,
id. N. D. 3, 34, 83:eo cum venisset, animadvertit ad alteram ripam magnas esse copias hostium,
Caes. B. G. 5, 18:Tarquinius et Tullia minor... cum domos vacuas novo matrimonio fecissent, junguntur nuptiis,
Liv. 1, 46, 9 et saep. —With pluperf. indic.a.Ante-class. in place of the class. subj.:b.idem me pridem quom ei advorsum veneram, Facere atriensem voluerat,
Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 28:Quid ais? Quom intellexeras, id consilium capere, quor non dixti extemplo,
Ter. And. 3, 2, 38.—If the pluperfect is a virtual imperfect, designating the time at which the main action took place, the principal predicate being likewise in the pluperfect, when the clause would require an indicative if placed in the imperfect (3. a. a): exspectationem nobis non parvam adtuleras cum scripseras Varronem tibi confirmasse, etc. ( = exspectabam cum legebam; cf. C. 3, a. a, 2.), Cic. Att. 3, 18, 1; cf. Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 9, 2, where the cum clause is relative; v. E.: Romae haud minus terroris... erat quam fuerat biennio ante cum castra Punica objecta Romanis moenibus fuerant (C. 3. a. a, 1.), Liv. 27, 44, 1; so id. 5, 28, 1; 26, 40, 17; 44, 10, 1.—c.If the clause indicates that the time of the main action is a period, subsequent to that of the action designated by the pluperfect:3.nam tum cum in Asia res magnas permulti amiserant, scimus Romae, solutione impedita, fidem concidisse,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:cum ea consecutus nondum eram... tamen ista vestra nomina numquam sum admiratus,
id. Fam. 3, 7, 5; id. Verr. 2, 5, 69, § 178; id. Inv. 2, 42, 124; Caes. B. G. 7, 35; Liv. 24, 7, 1 sq.; Nep. Dat. 6, 5; Curt. 9, 10, 12; Verg. A. 5, 42.—If both predicates denote repeated action, the anterior clause with cum has the pluperf. indic. or subj.a.With pluperf. indic.(α).With principal predicate in imperf. indic. (so almost always in Cicero and Caesar; not in the poets, nor in Vell., Val. Max., Tac., Suet., or Plin.), whenever:(β).cum ad aliquod oppidum venerat, eadem lectica usque ad cubiculum deferebatur,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 11, § 27; 2, 1, 46, § 120; 2, 3, 67, § 156; 2, 4, 61, § 137; 2, 5, 10, § 27; id. Fl. 7, 16; 10, 21; id. Agr. 2, 26, 68; id. Or. 32, 113; id. Brut. 24, 93:(Cassi vellaunus) cum equitatus noster se in agros ejecerat, essedarios ex silvis emittebat,
Caes. B. G. 5, 19; 3, 14; 3, 15; 4, 7; 5, 35; 7, 22; id. B. C. 1, 58; Sall. J. 92, 8; 44, 4:cum comminus venerant, gladiis a velitibus trucidabantur,
Liv. 38, 21, 12; Nep. Epam. 3, 6; Sen. Ep. 11, 4; Curt. 3, 10, 8; 3, 10, 11; Quint. 7, 1, 4; Gell. 15, 22, 5; 17, 18, 3; Gai Inst. 4, 15; Pacat. 9.—With principal predicate in perf. indic.:b.Pacuvius qui Syriam usu suam fecit, cum vino... sibi parentaverat,
Sen. Ep. 12, 8; 108, 14.—With pluperf. subj., an imperf. indic. in principal sentence:4.cum fossam latam cubiculari lecto circumdedisset, ejusque transitum... conjunxisset, eum ipse detorquebat,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 20, 59; id. Verr. 2, 3, 41, § 94:cum cohortes ex acie procucurrissent, Numidae... effugiebant, etc.,
Caes. B. C. 2, 41:cum in jus duci debitorem vidissent, undique convolabant,
Liv. 2, 27, 8; 25, 3, 11; 5, 48, 2.—In anterior clauses with imperf. subj.(α).When the principal clause expresses an immediate consequence ( = pluperf. subj.):(β).Demaratus cum audiret dominationem Cypseli confirmari, defugit patriam ( = cum audivisset),
Cic. Rep. 2, 19, 34; Caes. B. G. 5, 17 et saep.—Where both verbs relate to one transaction, especially in remarks and replies:(γ).(Epaminondas) cum gravi vulnere exanimari se videret, quaesivit salvusne esset clipeus, etc.,
Cic. Fin. 2, 30, 97:cum ex eo quaereretur quid esset dolus magnus, respondebat, etc.,
id. Off. 3. 14, 60; id. Or. 2, 69, 278; id. Rosc. Am. 25, 70; Liv. 3, 71, 4 et saep.—When the principal action takes place during the action of the dependent clause:5.qui cum unum jam et alterum diem desideraretur, neque in eis locis inveniretur... liberti Asuvii in eum invadunt, etc.,
Cic. Clu. 13, 38.—For the perf. indic. instead of pluperf. subj. v. C. 1. d. infra.C.In adverbial clauses of coincident time dependent on preterites ( = eo tempore quo), the clause with cum designating the time at which or during which the main action took place, when, as, while.[The theory of the use of tenses and moods in these clauses is not fully settled. The older grammarians require the indicative if cum denotes pure time, but the subjunctive if denoting cause or relations similar to cause. Zumpt and others acknowledge that the rule is frequently not observed, attributing this to the predilection of the Latin language for the subjunctive. Recently Hoffmann (Zeitpartikeln der Lateinischen Sprache, 1st ed. 1860; 2d ed. 1873) and Lubbert (Syntax von Quom, 1870) have advanced the theory that cum requires the indicative if denoting absolute time, but the subjunctive if denoting relative time. They define absolute time as time co-ordinate or parallel with, or logically independent of, the time of the principal action, which performs the function of a chronological date for the principal action, and they consider it as a criterion that the clause might have constituted an independent sentence; while relative time is logically subordinate to the principal action. Hoffmann condenses his theory in the following words: cum with indicative names and describes the time at which the action of the principal sentence took place; cum with the subjunctive, on the contrary, designates the point of time at which, or the space of time during which, the action expressed in the principal sentence commenced or ended. The chief objections to this theory are: (1) Its vagueness.—(2) The facts that in many instances cum with the subjunctive clearly dates the main action (C. 3. a. b, 2, and 4.; C. 3. a. 5.; C. 3. b. b, 3. and 5.; C. 3. b. g infra); that many of the subjunctive clauses with cum may be transformed into independent sentences (C. 3. b. b, 2. and 3. infra); that many indicative clauses with cum are logically subordinate to the main action (C. 3. a. a, 2. infra), and that when both moods are used in two co-ordinated clauses with cum belonging to the same main sentence, Hoffmann must account for the difference of the moods by explanations not drawn from his theory (Cic. Agr. 2, 64, 64; id. Clu. 30, 83; id. Div. 1, 43, 97; id. Fin. 2, 19, 61; id. de Or. 67, 272; Caes. B. C. 2, 17; Liv. 6, 40, 17; 30, 44, 10).—(3) The impossibility of clearly drawing the line between logical co-ordination and subordination; and the fact that, wherever it is drawn, there will be many passages not accounted for (cf. 1. init. and many passages under C. 3. a. a, 3.; C. 3. a. d; C. 3. b. g, etc.).—(4) That the supposed use of cum with the imperfect indicative is inconsistent with the received doctrine that the imperfect always designates a time relative to another time—a difficulty not satisfactorily met by Hoffman's assumption of an aoristic imperfect.]GENERAL RULE.—The predicate after cum is in the perfect indicative (or historical present) if the action is conceived as a point of time coincident with the time of the main action. It is either in the imperfect indicative or in the imperfect subjunctive if the action is conceived as occupying a period of time within which the main action took place (e. g.:1.quid enim meus frater ab arte adjuvari potuit, cum... furem se videre respondit? Quid in omni oratione Crassus... cum pro Cn. Plancio diceret?
Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 220;where dicebat might stand for diceret, but not responderet for respondit: cum ad tribum Polliam ventum est, et praeco cunctaretur, etc.,
Liv. 29, 37, 8; cf.:cum tecum Ephesi collocutus sum,
Cic. Fam. 13, 55, 1; and:cum te Puteolis prosequerer,
id. ib. 3, 10, 8: cum primum lex coepta ferri est, Liv 3, 14, 4; and: cum [p. 492] ferretur lex, id. 5, 30, 4;also,
Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 1, and Liv. 3, 58, 7).Both predicates in the perf. indic. (or histor. pres.), both clauses denoting points of time (the principal predicate may be in any verbal form implying a perfect).a.The clause expressing a momentary action:b.posticulum hoc recepit quom aedis vendidit, Flaut. Trin. 1, 2, 157: scilicet qui dudum tecum venit cum pallam mihi Detulisti,
id. Men. 2, 3, 46; prol. 62; id. Poen. 4, 2, 82; id. Ep. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 57; id. Heaut. 2, 3, 21 et saep.:non tum cum emisti fundum Tusculanum, in leporario apri fuerunt,
Varr. R. R. 3, 3, 8:in judiciis quanta vis esset didicit cum est absolutus,
Cic. Tog. Cand. Fragm. 4:per tuas statuas vero cum dixit, vehementer risimus,
id. de Or. 2, 59, 242:cum occiditur Sex. Roscius, (servi) ibidem fuerunt,
id. Rosc. Am. 41, 120; id. Verr. 2, 2, 29, § 70; 1, 4, 11; 2, 2, 66, § 160; 2, 3, 47, § 112; id. Caecin. 29, 85; id. Sest. 55, 157; id. Phil. 2, 9, 21; id. Rep. 6, 22, 24; id. Fam. 9, 15, 2; id. Att. 2, 1, 5 et saep.:tunc flesse decuit cum adempta sunt nobis arma,
Liv. 3, 55, 10; 10, 6, 8; 28, 42, 14; 42, 46, 1; Vitr. 2, 8, 12; 2, 1, 7; 2, 9, 15;6, 7, 4: semel dumtaxat vultum mutavit, tunc cum... anulum in profundum dejecit,
Val. Max. 6, 9, 6; 8, 8, ext. 1; 9, 1, ext. 1;9, 8, 1: rerum natura... cum visum est deinde, (filium tuum) repetiit,
Sen. Cons. Polyb. 10, 4; 11, 2; id. Q. N. 1, 11, 3; 6, 25, 4:accepimus et serpentem latrasse cum pulsus est regno Tarquinius,
Plin. 8, 41, 63, § 153; 2, 24, 22, § 90; 2, 52, 53, § 139; Suet. Claud. 21; Hor. S. 2, 3, 61; Ov. Tr. 5, 11, 8; Tib. 3, 5, 18; Mart. 5, 49, 9.—So, cum primum, when first, the first time that, as soon as:jube vinum dari: jam dudum factum'st quom primum bibi,
Plaut. As. 5, 2, 40; id. Cas. prol. 17; Ter. Hec. alt. prol. 31; id. And. prol. 1; id. Eun. 3, 3, 4:Pompeius cum primum contionem habuit... ostendit, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 1, 15, 45; id. Fam. 2, 9, 1; Liv. 3, 55, 10; 25, 6, 2; 25, 29, 4; 31, 3, 1; 40, 8, 1; 42, 34, 3; Curt. 6, 11, 23; but with imperf. subj. when referring to a per. of time:ipse cum primum pabuli copia esse inciperet, ad exercitum venit,
Caes. B. G. 2, 2.—In the poets and later writers, the imperf. subj. often occurs where classic prose has the perf. indic.:effice ut idem status sit cum exigis qui fuit cum promitterem,
Sen. Ben. 4, 39, 4:tum lacrimare debueras cum equo calcaria subderes,
Curt. 7, 2, 6; Suet. Claud. 6; Ov. P. 4, 12, 28.—If the clause denotes a state, condition, or action of longer duration, it takes the perf. indic. if asserted as a complete fact without regard to what happened during its progress (virtual point of time):c.in quem Juppiter se convertit cum exportavit per mare... Europen,
Varr. R. R. 2, 5, 5:ne cum in Sicilia quidem (bellum) fuit... pars ejus belli in Italiam ulla pervasit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 6:nempe eo (lituo) Romulus regiones direxit tum cum urbem condidit,
id. Div. 1, 17, 30; id. Verr. 2, 3, 54, § 125; id. Lig. 7, 20; id. Rep. 3, 32, 44:non tibi, cum in conspectu Roma fuit, succurrit? etc.,
Liv. 2, 40, 7; 34, 3, 7; Nep. Iphicr. 2, 4; id. Pelop. 4, 3.—With perf. indic., by the time when, before, referring to facts which actually occurred before the action of the principal sentence:d.ab Anaximandro moniti Lacedaemonii sunt ut urbem... linquerent, quod terrae motus instaret, tum cum... urbs tota corruit,
Cic. Div. 1, 50, 112; Liv. 22, 36, 4; 34, 31, 15; Prop. 2, 32 (3, 30), 53.—With perf. indic. when actions in immediate sequence are represented as coincident:2.ad quem cum accessimus, Appio, subridens, Recipis nos, inquit, etc.,
Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 2:me primus dolor percussit, Cotta cum est expulsus,
Cic. Brut. 89, 303:itaque ne tum quidem cum classem perdidisti, Mamertinis navem imperare ausus es,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 23, § 59:haec cum facta sunt in concilio, magna spe et laetitia omnium discessum est,
Caes. B. C. 3, 87:cum Thessalos in armis esse nuntiatum est, Ap. Claudium... senatus misit,
Liv. 42, 5, 8:Gracchus cum ex Sardinia rediit, orationem ad populum habuit,
Gell. 15, 12, 1; Cic. Imp. Pomp. 1, 2; id. Deiot. 6, 17; id. Top. 16, 61; id. Div. 1, 43, 98; id. Fam. 5, 21, 2; Liv. 4, 44, 10; 4, 60, 8; 9, 25, 2; 22, 14, 12; Nep. Dat. 11, 1; Suet. Caes. 31; Gell. 1, 23, 5; Prop. 3, 20, 37 (4, 21, 7).—Hence a perf. indic. in co-ordination with pluperf. subj.: cum sol nocte visus esset... et cum caelum discessisse visum est (decemviri ad libros ire jussi sunt), Cic. Div. 1, 43, 97.—With a perf. indic. (or histor. pres.), the principal predicate in imperf.a.The action falling within the time of the principal predicate:b.set Stalagmus quojus erat tunc nationis, quom hinc abit?
Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 107; id. Rud. 3, 6, 9; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 51:haec Crassi oratio cum edita est, quattuor et triginta tum habebat annos, etc.,
Cic. Brut. 43, 161:eo cum venio, praetor quiescebat,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 14, § 32; 2, 5, 69, § 178; id. Fl. 13, 20; id. Pis. 1, 2; id. Lig. 1, 3; id. Phil. 2, 21, 52; 3, 4, 11; id. Fam. 13, 35, 2; id. Att. 6, 1, 13:cum Caesari in Galliam venit, alterius factionis principes erant Aedui, alterius Sequani,
Caes. B. G. 6, 12; Sall. J. 71, 1:cum haec accepta clades est, jam C. Horatius et T. Menenius consules erant,
Liv. 2, 51, 1; 21, 39, 4; 23, 49, 5; 28, 27, 14; 34, 16, 6;45, 39, 1: merito me non adgnoscis, nam cum hoc factum est, integer eram,
Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 3.—Post-class. writers generally use imperf. subj.:beneficium ei videberis dedisse cui tunc inimicissimus eras cum dares?
Sen. Ben. 5, 19, 7:bona quoque, quae tunc habuit cum damnaretur, publicabuntur,
Dig. 28, 18, § 1:pauper Fabricius (erat) Pyrrhi cum sperneret aurum,
Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 413.—The action strictly anterior to the principal sentence, rare (1. d.): nam quod conabar cum interventum'st dicere, nunc expedibo, Pac. ap. Non. p. 505, 3 (Trag. Rel. v. 65 Rib.):3.cum est ad nos adlatum de temeritate eorum, etc., cetera mihi facillima videbantur... multaque mihi veniebant in mentem, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 1; Sall. C. 51, 32; Verg. A. 6, 515; id. E. 3, 14.—The predicate after cum conceived as a period or space of time (including repeated action) is either in the imperf. indic. or imperf. subj. [In ante-classical writers and Cicero the imperf. indic. very frequent, and largely prevailing over the subj., except that when the principal predicate denotes a point of time (with perf.), Cicero commonly uses the subj.; the imperf. indic. occurs in Cicero 241 times; in Caesar once with the force of a relativeclause (B. G. 1, 40, 5), and 3 times of repeated action; in Nep. once of repeated action (Att. 9, 6); in Sall. twice (J. 31, 20; id. H. 1, 48, 6 Dietsch); in Liv. 22 times; in Verg. 4 times; in Ovid twice; in Tib. twice; in Prop. 3 times; in Val. Max. twice; then it disappears (except once each in Tac. and Mart.), but reappears in Gaius (3 times), Gellius (twice), and the Gallic panegyrists (several times)].a.Both predicates denoting spaces of time, the principal predicate always in the imperf. indic. unless the mood is changed by other influences.(α).Cum with the imperf. indic. (1) In express or implied opposition to other periods of time, esp. with tum or tunc:(β).eademne erat haec disciplina tibi quom tu adulescens eras?
Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 17:alium esse censes nunc me atque olim quom dabam?
Ter. And. 3, 3, 13; Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 50; id. Most. 1, 3, 64; id. Mil. 2, 2, 26; Ter. And. 1, 1, 69; Enn. ap. Cic. Brut. 19, 76 (Ann. v. 222 Vahl.):qui cum plures erant, paucis nobis exaequari non poterant, hi postquam pauciores sunt, etc.,
Auct. Her. 4, 18, 25:qui (Pompeius) cum omnes Caesarem metuebamus ipse eum diligebat, postquam ille metuere coepit, etc.,
Cic. Att. 8, 1, 4:res per eosdem creditores per quos cum tu aderas agebatur,
id. Fam. 1, 1, 1 (cf.:Senatus consultum factum est de ambitu in Afranii sententiam quam ego dixeram cum tu adesses,
id. Q. Fr. 2, 9, 3):Trebellium valde jam diligit: oderat tum cum ille tabulis novis adversabatur,
id. Phil. 6, 4, 11:non tam id sentiebam cum fruebar, quam tunc cum carebam,
id. Red. Quir. 1, 3:etenim tunc esset hoc animadvertendum cum classis Syracusis proficiebatur,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 43, § 111 (so 111 times in Cicero, including the instances where the principal predicate is in the perf.):cum captivis redemptio negabatur, nos vulgo homines laudabant, nunc deteriore condicione sumus, etc.,
Liv. 25, 6, 14; 10, 7, 2; 33, 34, 3; 34, 4, 10; 44, 36, 8; 45, 38, 1; Ov. P. 2, 6, 9; id. M. 13, 473; Val. Max. 6, 3, 1; 4, 1, 10; Mart. 12, 70, 10; Gai Inst. 1, 184; Eum. Grat. Act. 6; cf.: cur eum, cum in consilium iretur, Cluentius et Canutius abesse patiebantur? Cur cum in consilium mittebant, Stajenum judicem qui pecuniam dederant, non requirebant? Cic. Clu. 30, 83 (cum iretur, of the time when the judges retired; cum mittebant, of the previous time, when the parties were asked about the closing of the case; opp. cum iretur).—Poets, even in the class. per., sometimes use the subj. in dependence upon the indic.:hic subito quantus cum viveret esse solebat, Exit humo,
Ov. M. 13, 441. —(2) The principal predicate denoting a mental act or reflection occasioned by, or accompanying the action of the clause with cum (mostly ante-class. and in Cicero):desipiebam mentis cum illa scripta mittebam tibi,
Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 35; id. Aul. 2, 2, 1; id. Ps. 1, 5, 86:sed tu cum et tuos amicos in provinciam quasi in praedam invitabas, et cum eis praedabare, et... non statuebas tibi rationem esse reddendam?
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 11, § 29:illas res tantas cum gerebam, non mihi mors, non exsilium ob oculos versabatur?
id. Sest. 21, 47; id. Cat. 3, 1, 3; 3, 7, 16; id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 26; 2, 2, 13, § 33; 2, 2, 35, § 86; 2, 3, 86, § 198; 2, 5, 21, § 54; id. Fl. 1, 1; id. Deiot. 1, 3; 8, 23; id. Pis. 24, 56 and 57; id. Ac. 2, 28, 89; id. Or. 13, 41; id. Tusc. 2, 15, 43; id. Fam. 7, 9, 5 (22 times); Sall. H. 1, 48, 6 Dietsch (cf.:num P. Decius cum se devoveret, et equo admisso in mediam aciem Latinorum inruebat, aliquid... cogitabat?
Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 61; cum se devoveret explains the circumstances of inruebat; hence acc. to 3. a. b, 2. in subj.; cf. Madv. ad loc., who reads devoverat).—(3) If the predicate after cum has a meaning peculiar to the imperf. indic., which by the use of the subj. would be effaced: quod erat os tuum, cum videbas eos homines, quorum ex bonis istum anulus aureus donabas? (descriptive imperf.) Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 80, § 187; so,fulgentis gladios hostium videbant Decii, cum in aciem eorum inruebant,
id. Tusc. 2, 24, 59: cum de plebe consulem non accipiebat ( = accipere nolebat, conative imperf.), id. Brut. 14, 55:cum vim quae esset in sensibus explicabamus, etc.,
id. Ac. 2, 12, 37 (the verbum dicendi refers to a certain stage in the discourse, for which Cicero uses the imperf. indic. in independent sentences, e. g. N. D. 3, 29, 71; 3, 6, 15; de Or. 1, 53, 230; 2, 19, 83; 2, 84, 341); so,equidem... risum vix tenebam, cum Attico Lysiae Catonem nostrum comparabas,
id. Brut. 8, 293:cum censebam,
id. de Or. 1, 62, 264:cum dicebam,
id. Fam. 6, 1, 5:cum ponebas,
id. Fin. 2, 19, 63; so esp. in Cicero's letters the phrase cum haec scribebam = while I am writing this, to preserve the meaning of an epistolary tense, referring to a state, condition, or action in progress at the time of writing the letter:res, cum haec scribebam, erat in extremum adducta discrimen,
id. Fam. 12, 6, 2; 3, 12, 2; 5, 12, 2; 6, 4, 1; id. Att. 5, 20, 5 et saep.; cum haec scriberem, scripsissem, scripsi, are not epistolary tenses, but refer to events happening after the letter or part of it was finished, = when I wrote, had written, id. ib. 2, 15, 3; 10, 4, 7; 4, 10, 2; id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 6, § 19; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 6, 5; 8, 13, 2;sometimes cum dabam = cum scribebam,
Cic. Fam. 12, 16, 3 (but cf.:cum scriberem, as epistolary tense, in oblique discourse,
id. Att. 15, 13, 7).—(4) The coincidence in time of two actions is made emphatic, = eo ipso tempore quo:tum cum insula Delos... nihil timebat, non modo provinciis sed etiam Appia via jam carebamus,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 18, 55; id. Phil. 1, 15, 36; 13, 8, 17; id. Sull. 10, 31; id. Tusc. 2, 8, 20; id. Off. 3, 27, 100; id. Dom. 45, 118.—The predicate after cum is in the imperf. subj. (1) To impart to the clause a causal, adversative or concessive meaning besides the temporal relation:(γ).antea cum equester ordo judicaret, improbi magistratus in provinciis inserviebant publicanis (a logical consequence),
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 41, § 94:sed cum jam honores (Hortensii) et illa senior auctoritas gravius quiddam requireret, remanebat idem (dicendi genus) nec decebat idem,
id. Brut. 95, 327; id. Phil. 1, 1, 1; id. Rosc. Am. 15, 42; 16, 45; id. Pis. 10, 2; Liv. 25, 13, 1; 26, 5, 1.—(2) To indicate circumstances under which the main action took place, and by which it is explained:Flaminius, cum tripudio auspicaretur, pullarius diem differebat, etc.,
Cic. Div. 1, 35, 77: [p. 493] equidem cum peterem magistratum, solebam in prensando dimittere a me Scaevolam, id. de Or. 1, 24, 112; id. Inv. 2, 17, 52; Liv. 41, 1, 2 (cf. 3. b. b, 3.).—(3) To describe the locality of the main action: quom essem in provincia legatus, quam plures ad praetores et consules vinum honorarium dabant, Cato ap. Isid. Orig. 20, 3, 8:Zenonem cum Athenis essem audiebam frequenter,
Cic. N. D. 1, 21, 59; 1, 28, 79; id. Tusc. 2, 14, 34; id. Fam. 3, 8, 5; id. Att. 2, 11, 1; 12, 5, 4; 16, 14, 1; id. Verr. 2, 4, 12, § 29; Liv. 5, 54, 3 (cf. 3. b. b, 4.).—(4) To designate the time of the main action as a condition:cum ageremus vitae supremum diem, scribebamus hoc,
Cic. Fin. 4, 27, 54:cum jam in exitu annus esset, Q. Marcius... magistratu abiturus erat,
Liv. 39, 23, 1 (cf. 3. b. b, 5.).—If both the clause with cum and the principal predicate denote repeated action, the predicate with cum in class. prose is in the imperf. indic. or subj. according to the rules under a and b; the principal predicate being always in the imperf. indic.; but in ante-class. writers cum has always the imperf. indic. (1) Imperf. indic.:(δ).tum mi aedes quoque arridebant, quom ad te veniebam, tuae,
Plaut. As. 1, 3, 55; id. Am. 1, 1, 45; id. Rud. 4, 7, 25 sqq.; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 19; Cinc. de Re Mil. ap. Gell. 16, 4, 5; Asell. ap. Gell. 2, 13, 4; Cic. Att. 2, 7, 4; id. Verr. 2, 2, 13, § 34; Caes. B. C. 1, 79, 2; Gai Inst. 2, 101; Pacat. Pan. 9 fin.:cum a nostro Catone laudabar vel reprehendi me a ceteris facile patiebar,
Cic. Or. 13, 41; so Nep. Att. 9, 6.—To distinguish from adversative relations, as Cic. Rosc. Com. 3, 9; id. Att. 12, 39, 2; id. de Or. 1, 14, 62; Caes. B. C. 3, 44, 6; Gai Inst. 2, 254.—If only the clause with cum, but not the principal predicate, denotes repeated action, the latter is in the perf., the former in imperf. indic., Caes. B. C. 2, 17; Cic. Arch. 5, 10.—(2) Imperf. subj., mostly denoting circumstances to explain the main action: cum dilectus antiquitus fieret... tribunus militaris adigebat, etc., Cinc. de Re Mil. ap. Gell. 16, 4, 2:Hortensius cum partiretur tecum causas, prorogandi locum semper tibi relinquebat,
Cic. Brut. 51, 190; id. Div. 1, 45, 102; id. de Or. 1, 54, 232; id. Brut. 62, 222; Liv. 3, 66, 2; 5, 25, 12:ex hoc effectos panes, cum in colloquiis Pompeiani famem nostris objectarent, vulgo in eos jaciebant (causal),
Caes. B. C. 3, 48; Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 62; so,according to class. usage,
Sen. Ep. 86, 11; Curt. 5, 2, 7; 6, 5, 18; 7, 3, 13; Suet. Caes. 65;contrary to class. usage,
Val. Max. 3, 6, 6; Sen. Ep. 30, 7; 77, 8; Tac. H. 2, 91; Spart. Had. 18. —In other instances (which are rare), both moods occur, either without any discrimination, or for special reasons. (1) Ante-class.:b.nam quom modo exibat foras, ad portum se aibat ire,
Plaut. Rud. 2, 2, 2. —(2) Class.:ut, cum L. Opimii causam defendebat, C. Carbo nihil de Gracchi nece negabat, sed id jure factum esse dicebat,
Cic. de Or. 2, 25, 106 (cf.:nuper cum ego C. Sergii Oratae... causam defenderem, nonne omnis nostra in jure versata defensio est?
id. ib. 1, 39, 178; in each of these sentences the clause with cum sustains exactly the same relation to the principal predicate; but the former has the imperf. in the principal sentence, and in this connection Cic. prefers the indic. after cum):similiter arbitror... illum (oratorem) de toto illo genere non plus quaesiturum esse, quid dicat, quam Polycletum illum, cum Herculem fingebat, quem ad modum pellem aut hydram fingeret (fingebat, for euphony, in view of the foll. fingeret),
id. de Or. 2, 16, 70; cf.:nec vero ille artifex cum faceret Jovis formam... contemplabatur aliquem, e quo similitudinem duceret,
id. Or. 2, 9.—Without assignable reason:casu, cum legerem tuas litteras, Hirtius erat apud me,
Cic. Att. 15, 1, 2; cf.:Hasdrubal tum forte cum haec gerebantur, apud Syphacem erat,
Liv. 29, 31, 1:cum haec Romae agebantur, Chalcide Antiochus ipse sollicitabat civitatium animos, etc.,
id. 36, 5, 1; cf.:cum haec in Hispania gererentur, comitiorum jam appetebat dies,
id. 35, 8, 1 (Weissenb. gerebantur):cum haec agebantur, Chalcide erat Antiochus,
id. 36, 15, 1; cf.:cum haec agerentur jam consul via Labicana ad fanum Quietis erat,
id. 4, 41, 8; 35, 2, 1.—(3) PostAug. writers almost always use imperf. subj., disregarding the class. usage: ipsa fruebatur arte cum pingeret (cf. a, 2.), Sen. Ep. 9, 7; id. Cons. Marc. 23, 3; Plin. Pan. 34:tunc erat mendacio locus cum ignota essent externa... nunc vero, etc. (opposition of times),
Sen. Q. N. 4, 2, 24; so id. Ep. 97, 9; Mart. 2, 61, 1; cf. Don. ad Ter. And. 3, 3, 13 (3. a. a, 1. supra):cum haec proderem habebant et Caesares juvenes sturnum, etc.,
Plin. 10, 41, 59, § 120.—If the principal predicate denotes a point of time, and the predicate with cum a period of time, the former is in the perf. indic. unless changed by construction; the latter(α).In the imperf. indic., according to the rules a. a, except 2. (1) When the time of the cum clause is opposed to other periods of time:(β).res quom animam agebat tum esse offusam oportuit,
Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 85; id. Truc. 4, 2, 20; id. Ep. 3, 3, 50 (3, 4, 21); id. Most. 5, 1, 68:quod cum res agebatur nemo in me dixit, id tot annis post tu es inventus qui diceres?
Cic. Phil. 2, 9, 22; id. Rep. 2, 23, 43; id. Div. 1, 41, 92; 1, 45, 101; id. Ac. 2, 28, 90; id. Quint. 19, 60; 17, 54; 19, 61; id. Verr. 2, 3, 90, § 210 et saep.; Liv. 22, 60, 25; Verg. A. 4, 597; Tib. 1, 10, 8; 1, 10, 19; Prop. 2, 1, 31; 5 (4), 10, 24.—The subj. may be used if the principal action is represented as a consequence or result:o, Astaphium, haut isto modo solita's me ante appellare, Sed blande, quom illuc quod aput vos nunc est, aput me haberem,
Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 60 (Lubbert conjectures habebam); Cic. Off. 2, 1, 2 and 3; id. Fin. 4, 27, 54; id. Rosc. Am. 4, 11; id. Verr. 2, 3, 57, § 130; id. Mur. 3, 8; Liv. 5, 53, 9; 10, 6, 9; 43, 21, 1;44, 39, 7.— Hence the mood may change in co-ordinate clauses: tum, cum haberet haec res publica Luscinos, Calatinos, etc., homines... patientia paupertatis ornatos, et tum, cum erant Catones, Phili, etc., tamen hujusce modi res commissa nemini est (haberet, concessive),
Cic. Agr. 2, 24, 64.—(2) To make emphatic the coincidence of time, = eo ipso tempore (a. a, 4.):cum is triumphus de Liguribus agebatur, Ligures... coloniam ipsam ceperunt,
Liv. 41, 14, 1; Cic. Sest. 26, 56; id. Phil. 2, 36, 90; id. Div. 2, 1, 3; id. Verr. 2, 5, 37, § 97; id. Att. 1, 4, 1.—(3) To preserve the peculiar force of the imperf. indic. (a. a, 3.): cum iste jam decedebat, ejus modi litteras ad eos misit, etc. (conative imperf.), Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 70, § 172:cum Africanus censor tribu movebat centurionem... inquit,
id. de Or. 2, 67, 272 (cf.:cum (censor) M. Antistio equum ademisset,
id. ib. 2, 71, 287).—With the imperf. subj. (1) Always when cum means while (time during which): quomque caput caderet, carmen tuba sola peregit et, etc., Enn. ap. Lact. ad Stat. Th. 11, 56 (Ann. v. 508 Vahl.):(γ).magistratus quom ibi adesset, occepta'st agi,
Ter. Eun. prol. 22 (Lubbert conjectures adsedit); Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):Alexandrum uxor sua, cum simul cubaret, occidit,
Cic. Inv. 2, 49, 144:armati, cum sui utrosque adhortarentur... in medium inter duas acies procedunt,
Liv. 1, 25, 1; Varr. R. R. 2, 81; Auct. Her. 4, 52, 65; Cic. Brut. 3, 10; id. Clu. 62, 175; Caes. B. G. 2, 19; id. B. C. 3, 57; Liv. 1, 30, 8; 10, 30, 3 et saep.—(2) To connect a logical (causal, etc.) relation with the temporal meaning (a. b, 1.):cum ille Romuli senatus... temptaret ut ipse gereret sine rege rem publicam, populus id non tulit,
Cic. Rep. 2, 12, 23:an pater familiarissimis suis succensuit cum Sullam et defenderent et laudarent? (causal),
id. Sull. 17, 49:tum cum bello sociorum tota Italia arderet, homo non acerrimus... C. Norbanus in summo otio fuit (concessive),
id. Verr. 2, 5, 4, § 8:quibus rebus cum unus in civitate maxime floreret, incidit in eandem invidiam, etc. (adversative),
Nep. Cim. 3, 1:sed cum jam appropinquantium forma lemborum haud dubia esset... tunc injecta trepidatio est,
Liv. 44, 28, 10; Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 90, § 211; id. Clu. 31, 84; id. Mur. 3, 8; id. Phil. 3, 2, 3; id. Tusc. 1, 2, 4; Auct. Her. 4, 24, 33; Caes. B. C. 2, 7; Liv. 25, 9, 10; 21, 41, 12.—(3) To explain the main fact by circumstances:quem quidem hercle ego, in exilium quom iret, redduxi domum,
Plaut. Merc. 5, 4, 19:consule me, cum esset designatus tribunus, obtulit in discrimen vitam suam,
Cic. Sest. 28, 61:haec epistula est, quam nos, in aedibus Apronii cum litteras conquireremus, invenimus,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 66, § 154: Socrates, cum XXX. tyranni essent, pedem porta non extulit, id. Att. 8, 2, 4:Brundusii cum loquerer cum Phania, veni in eum sermonem ut dicerem, etc.,
id. Fam. 3, 5, 3:itaque, cum populum in curias triginta divideret, nomina earum (Sabinarum) curiis imposuit,
Liv. 1, 13, 6:Ap. Claudius, ovans cum in urbem iniret, decem milia pondo argenti, etc., in aerarium tulit,
id. 41, 28, 6; Cic. Clu. 20, 55; id. Phil. 12, 8, 20; id. Scaur. 47; id. Inv. 2, 31, 96; id. Tusc. 2, 22, 53; id. Div. 1, 52, 119; id. Off. 2, 8, 27; id. Or. 2, 55, 225 sq.; id. Fam. 1, 9, 13; 6, 6, 5; Liv. 1, 39, 4; 3, 63, 6; 4, 53, 11 et saep.—(4) To describe the place of the main action (a. a, 3.):cum essem in castris ad fluvium Pyramum, redditae mihi sunt uno tempore a te epistulae duae,
Cic. Fam. 3, 11, 1;so with cum essem (essemus, etc.),
id. ib. 2, 19, 1; 3, 4, 1; 13, 56, 1; id. Att. 1, 10, 1; 14, 19, 1; id. Ac. 1, 1, 1; id. Rep. 1, 39, 61; Varr. R. R. 3, 13; Caes. B. G. 4, 11 et saep.:Eumenes rex ab Roma cum in regnum rediret... mactatus est ( = on the journey),
Liv. 42, 40, 8:Agesilaus cum ex Aegypto reverteretur... in morbum implicitus decessit,
Nep. Ages. 8, 6.—The perf. indic. (cum fui, etc.) refers to temporary visits to a place:Gallo narravi, cum proxime Romae fui, quid audissem,
Cic. Att. 13, 49, 2:proxime cum in patria mea fui, venit ad me, etc.,
Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 3.—(5) To designate the time by natural occurrences (a. a, 4.):ipsi comprehensi a me, cum jam dilucesceret, deducuntur,
Cic. Cat. 3, 3, 6:cum advesperasceret, cum lucesceret,
id. Fam. 15, 4, 8:cum lux appropinquaret,
id. Tull. 9, 21:cum dies instaret,
id. Inv. 2, 31, 96:cum comitiorum tempus adpeteret,
Liv. 28, 10, 1:cum dies comitiorum adpropinquaret,
id. 3, 34, 7; 10, 13, 2.—But when a date is given as a point of time, the perf. indic. is used:cum ea dies venit,
Liv. 4, 44, 10; 6, 20, 4.—(6) When the action of the cum clause is interrupted or ended by the main action:cum hanc jam epistulam complicarem, tabellarii a vobis venerunt, etc.,
Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 5, § 17:L. Octavius, cum multas jam causas diceret, adulescens est mortuus,
id. Brut. 68, 241:cum plures jam tribus dicto esse audientem pontifici duumvirum juberent... ultimum de caelo quod comitia turbaret intervenit,
Liv. 40, 42, 10:cum maxime conquereretur apud patres... repente strepitus ante curiam... auditur,
id. 8, 33, 4:haec cum maxime dissereret, intervenit Tarquinius,
id. 1, 50, 7;so with cum maxime,
Cic. Fam. 1, 5, a, 2; Liv. 23, 24, 6; 30, 33, 12.—(7) If the clause with cum has the force of a participial adjunct of the principal predicate (cum diceret = dicens, or dicendo):Caesarem saepe accusavit, cum adfirmaret illum numquam, dum haec natio viveret, sine cura futurum ( = adfirmans, or adfirmando),
Cic. Sest. 63, 132:Antigonus in proelio, cum adversus Seleucum dimicaret, occisus est ( = dimicans),
Nep. Reg. 3, 2:impulit ut cuperem habere, cum diceret,
Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 8; Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 9 (11), 3; id. Clu. 42, 119; 56, 153; id. pro Corn. Maj. Fragm. 16; id. Mil. 5, 12; id. de Or. 1, 57, 243; id. Or. 37, 129; id. Fin. 1, 5, 16; id. Inv. 2, 34, 105; Val. Max. 1, 2, ext. 1; Ov. P. 1, 9, 42.—(8) In the historians, in a summary reference to events already related:cum haec in Achaia atque apud Dyrrhachium gererentur... Caesar mittit, etc.,
Caes. B. C. 3, 57:cum civitas in opere ac labore adsiduo reficiendae urbis teneretur, interim Q. Fabio... dicta dies est,
Liv. 6, 1, 6:cum hic status in Boeotia esset, Perseus... misit,
id. 42, 56, 10; 33, 36, 1; 34, 22, 3; 38, 8, 1; 42, 64, 1; 45, 11, 1.—In all other cases the imperf. subj. is regularly used in class. prose, even if the action of the clause with cum is logically independent of the principal sentence:D.illum saepe audivi, hic, cum ego judicare jam aliquid possem, abfuit,
Cic. Brut. 71, 248: senatus consultum est factum de ambitu in Afranii sententiam, in quam ego dixeram, cum tu adesses. id. Q. Fr. 2, 7 (9), 3; so always (class.) with cum maxime, precisely when, just when:cum maxime haec in senatu agerentur, Canuleius... (ad populum) ita disseruit,
Liv. 4, 3, 1:cum maxime Capua circumvallaretur, Syracusarum oppugnatio ad finem venit,
id. 25, 23, 1.—In a very few instances the imperf. indic. occurs without apparent reason: an vero cum honos agebatur familiae vestrae... succensuit [p. 494] pater tuus cum Sullam defenderent (probably to distinguish the two cum clauses), Cic. Sull. 17, 49 (cf.:cum jus amicitiae, societatis, adfinitatis ageretur, cum, etc., eo tempore tu non modo non... retulisti, sed ne ipse quidem, etc.,
id. Quint. 16, 53):ille versus, qui in te erat collatus cum aedilitatem petebas,
id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 8:cum ex oppido exportabatur (Dianae statua) quem conventum mulierum factum esse arbitramini?... Quid hoc tota Sicilia est clarius quam omnes convenisse cum Diana exportaretur ex oppido? etc.,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 35, § 77.—Poets and post-class. writers frequently disregard the class. usage, the former by using either mood instead of the other, the latter by the un-Ciceronian use of the subj.; v. Prop. 2, 9, 15; 5 (4), 4, 10; Tib. 1, 10, 16; Verg. A. 7, 148; 12, 735; Mart. 13, 122; Curt. 8, 12, 16; 9, 2, 24; Quint. 11, 1, 89; Plin. 36, 6, 5, § 46; Dig. 28, 1, 22, § 1; Gell. strangely uses an imperf. indic. where class. writers would use a subj.:sed ego, homines cum considerabam, alterum fidei, alterum probri plenum, nequaquam adduci potui ad absolvendum,
Gell. 14, 2, 10; cf.:cum secum reputavit,
Tac. A. 15, 54.In adverbial clauses denoting identity of action (if the principal sentence and the clause with cum denote not different actions, but one action, which, expressed by the latter clause, is by the principal sentence defined in its meaning and import, the clause with cum always takes the indic., except once or twice post-class., and almost always the same tense as the principal sentence), when, by, in, etc.1.The predicate in present:2.amice facis Quom me laudas,
Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 31; id. Poen. 3, 2, 12; 3, 5, 15; Ter. And. prol. 18; id. Ad. 1, 2, 16 et saep.:bene facitis cum venitis,
Auct. Her. 4, 50, 63:quae cum taces, nulla esse concedis,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 19, 54; 21, 58; id. Clu. 47, 132; Liv. 25, 6, 5 et saep.—With fut. (rare):3.cum igitur proferent aliquid hujusmodi... inventum proferent,
Cic. Inv. 1, 40, 75; id. Fl. 39, 99; Plin. Ep. 7, 24, 9.—With fut. perf. (rare):4.quod cum dederis, illud dederis ut is absolvatur,
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 7, 23; id. Lig. 12, 36; id. Part. Or. 39; Auct. Her. 4, 30, 41.—With perf.:5.fecisti furtum quom istaec flagitia me celavisti et patrem,
Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 60; 1, 2, 52; id. Cas. 4, 4, 18 (22); id. Capt. 2, 3, 52; Ter. Phorm. prol. 32 et saep.:loco ille motus est cum ex urbe est depulsus,
Cic. Cat. 2, 1, 1; id. Verr. 2, 5, 23, § 59; id. Fam. 11, 29, 2; id. Rosc. Am. 14, 39; Liv. 5, 49, 8; 9, 8, 4; Val. Max. 3, 7, ext. 1; Curt. 6, 10, 9; Quint. 1, 10, 47 et saep.—With histor. pres.:6.Orestes cum se defendit, in matrem confert crimen,
Auct. Her. 1, 15, 25.—With imperf.:7.cum grandiorem aetatem ad consulatum constituebant, adulescentiae temeritatem verebantur,
Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 47; 14, 10, 28; id. Fl. 33, 83; id. Lig. 6, 18; id. Fam. 6, 1, 3; id. Off. 3, 10, 40; id. Sen. 6, 15 et saep.—Imperf. with perf. ( poet. and post-class.;8.very rare): quid quod et ominibus certis prohibebar amori Indulgere meo, tum cum mihi ferre jubenti Excidit et fecit spes nostras cera caducas,
Ov. M. 9, 595 sq.; Val. Max. 9, 1, 5.—With pluperf. (very rare):* 9.exspectationem nobis non parvam attuleras cum scripseras, etc.,
Cic. Att. 3, 18, 1; id. Sest. 16, 37.—Pluperf. and imperf.:10.quod quidem tibi ostenderam cum a me Capuam reiciebam,
Cic. Att. 8, 11, D, 5.—Imperf. subj. (post-class.):11.tunc venena edebat bibebatque, cum immensis epulis non delectaretur tantum, sed gloriaretur,
Sen. Cons. Helv. 10, 10.—Often relatively added to nouns when a relative clause must be supplied:E.illa scelera... cum ejus domum evertisti, cujus, etc.,
which you committed when (by), Cic. Pis. 34, 83; id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 33; id. Verr. 2, 5, 13, § 33; Liv. 5, 3, 4; 23, 9, 11; 29, 17, 9.In relative clauses, = quo tempore, quo, etc.1.Dependent on nouns designating time, the mood follows the general rules of relative clauses.a.The principal sentence is a formal statement of indefinite time, with the copula (tempus fuit cum, or fuit cum, analogous to sunt qui, etc.); generally with subj., but sometimes indic., when sunt qui would take this mood.(α).With pres. or fut. indic.: nunc est profecto (i. e. tempus), interfici quom perpeti me possum (the ante-class. writers construe sunt qui with indic.), Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 3; id. And. 1, 1, 125:(β).jam aderit tempus quom sese etiam ipse oderit,
Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 12; Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 28.—With pres. subj.: nunc est ille dies quom gloria maxima sese nobis ostendat, si vivimus, sive morimur, Enn. ap. Prisc. 10, p. 880 P. (Ann. v. 383 Vahl.); so Plaut. Capt. 3, 3, 1:(γ).erit illud profecto tempus et illucescet aliquando dies cum... amicissimi benevolentiam desideres,
Cic. Mil. 25, 69; Val. Max. 6, 2, 9.—With preterites, indic., Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 29:(δ).fuit quoddam tempus cum in agris homines bestiarum more vagabantur,
Cic. Inv. 1, 2, 2 (cf.:fuerunt alia genera qui... dicebant,
id. de Or. 3, 17, 62):fuit cum hoc dici poterat (potuisset would be hypothetical),
Liv. 7, 32, 13.—With preterites, subj., Ter. Heaut. 5, 4, 1:b.quod fuit tempus cum rura colerent homines,
Varr. R. R. 3, 1:ac fuit cum mihi quoque initium requiescendi concessum arbitrarer,
Cic. Or. 1, 1, 1; so id. Brut. 2, 7; Caes. B. G. 6, 24.—Attributively with nouns denoting time (tempus, dies, etc.), in ordinary sentences.(α).With pres. or fut. indic.:(β).incidunt saepe tempora cum ea commutantur,
Cic. Off. 1, 10, 31:longum illud tempus cum non ero, etc.,
id. Att. 12, 8, 1; id. Verr. 2, 5, 69, § 177; id. Quint. 2, 8; id. Sen. 23, 84.—With potential subj., Cic. Att. 3, 3.—With past tenses, indic., Plaut. Am. prol. 91; id. rud. 2, 6, 12; Ter. And. 5, 3, 12:(γ).atque ille eo tempore paruit cum parere senatui necesse erat,
Cic. Lig. 7, 20:memini noctis illius cum... pollicebar,
id. Planc. 42, 101; id. Phil. 2, 18, 45; 2, 35, 88; id. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44; id. Sest. 7, 15; 29, 62; id. Sull. 18, 52; id. Fam. 11, 8, 1; 11, 27, 3; id. de Or. 1, 11, 45; Sall. J. 31, 20; Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 6; Prop. 1, 10, 5; 1, 22, 5; Gell. 1, 23, 2 et saep.—So with nouns implying time:illa pugna quom, etc. ( = in qua),
Plaut. Poen. 2, 26;Marcellino Consule, cum ego... putabam ( = anno Marcellini, quo, etc.),
Cic. Att. 9, 9, 4:patrum nostrorum memoria cum exercitus videbatur ( = tempore quo),
Caes. B. G. 1, 40; Cic. Fam. 13, 1, 2; Liv. 6, 40, 17.—With preterites in subj., Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 30:c.accepit enim agrum iis temporibus cum jacerent pretia praediorum,
Cic. Rosc. Com. 12, 33; so id. Off. 2, 19, 65:numerandus est ille annus cum obmutuisset senatus?
id. Pis. 12, 26; so id. Verr. 2, 4, 35, § 77; id. Rep. 2, 37, 62; id. Font. 3, 6; Liv. 3, 65, 8:haec scripsi postridie ejus diei cum castra haberem Mopsuhestiae (cf. habebam, as epistolary tense),
Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 10.—If the clause does not define the noun, but is a co-ordinate designation of time, it follows the rule of adverbial clauses:eodem anno, cum omnia infida Romanis essent, Capuae quoque conjurationes factae,
while, Liv. 9, 26, 5; Cic. Rep. 2, 36, 61; id. de Or. 2, 3, 12; Liv. 8, 15, 1; 1, 41, 6.—Appositively added to temporal adverbs and to dates (heri, hodie, medius, tertius, olim, antea, quondam, nuper, olim, postea) following the rules of adverbial clauses:2.Crassus hodie, cum vos non adessetis, posuit idem, etc.,
Cic. de Or. 2, 10, 41:omnia quae a te nudius tertius dicta sunt, cum docere velles, etc.,
id. N. D. 3, 7, 18; id. Sest. 48, 103; id. Att. 4, 3, 2; id. Inv. 2, 1, 1; id. Rep. 1, 39, 61; Caes. B. C. 2, 17 et saep.—So with dates (always subj.. except with cum haec scribebam, or dabam):posteaquam Pompeius apud populum ad VIII. Id. Febr., cum pro Milone diceret, clamore convicioque jactatus est,
Cic. Fam. 1, 5, b, 1; 3, 3, 1; 3, 4, 1; 4, 2, 1; id. Att. 14, 19, 1.—The principal sentence defines a period of time during which the action of the clause has or had lasted, always with indic., and after the words defining the period, = per quod tempus, when, that, during which, while, etc.a.With pres., = Engl. pres. perf.(α).With cardinal, definite or indefinite. (1) Time in acc. (ante-class.):(β).hanc domum Jam multos annos est quom possideo,
that I have been the owner, Plaut. Aul. prol. 4; cf. id. Merc. 3, 1, 37.—(2) Time in nom.:anni sunt octo cum ista causa in ista meditatione versatur,
Cic. Clu. 30, 82; id. Or. 51, 171; id. Fam. 15, 14, 1; id. Div. 2, 36, 76.—With ordinals:(γ).vigesimus annus est, cum omnes scelerati me unum petunt,
Cic. Phil. 12, 10, 24; Verg. A. 5, 627; 3, 646.—With diu:b.jam diu'st quom ventri victum non datis,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 146; Gell. 1, 25, 12.—Perf. with negation, the principal predicate in pres. or logical perf., = Engl. pres. perf.:c.quia septem menses sunt quom in hasce aedes pedem Nemo intro tetulit,
Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 39; id. Men. 3, 1, 3; Prop. 3, 8, 33 (2, 16, 33. —With pluperf., the principal predicate in imperf.:d.permulti jam anni erant cum inter patricios magistratus tribunosque nulla certamina fuerant,
Liv. 9, 33, 3.—With imperf., the principal predicate in perf. or pluperf.:3.dies triginta aut plus in ea navi fui, Quom interea semper mortem exspectabam miser,
Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 7:unus et alter dies intercesserat, cum res parum certa videbatur,
Cic. Clu. 26, 72.—The principal sentence specifying a period of time which has or had elapsed since the action took place, = ex ejus tempore, since or after, always with indic.; the principal predicate pres. or logical perf., cum with perf. indic.a.With cardinals.(α).Time in acc. (ante-class.):(β).annos factum'st sedecim Quom conspicatus est primo crepusculo Puellam exponi,
Plaut. Cas. prol. 39; so probably id. Pers. 1, 3, 57; id. Trin. 2, 4, 1; id. Merc. 3, 1, 37.—With nom.:b.nondum centum et decem anni sunt cum de pecuniis repetundis lata lex est,
Cic. Off. 2, 21, 75; id. Fam. 15, 16, 3; id. Att. 9, 11, A, 2.—With diu or dudum:c.nam illi quidem haut sane diu'st quom dentes exciderunt,
Plaut. Merc. 3, 1, 42; id. As. 2, 1, 3; id. Trin. 4, 3, 3.—Peculiarly, cum referring to an action which was to be done after a period of time, before, at the end of which:4.omnino biduum supererat cum exercitui frumentum metiri oporteret,
Caes. B. G. 1, 23. —In inverted clauses, the principal sentence determining the time of the clause, cum ( = quo tempore) having the force of a relative; cum with the indic. always following the principal sentence; never in oblique discourse; very freq. in class. and post-class. writings (ante-class. only Plaut. Men. 5, 8, 3; Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 40; id. Eun. 4, 2, 5); principal sentence often with jam, vix, vixdum, nondum, tantum quod, and commodum; cum often with subito, repente, sometimes interim, tamen, etiamtum.a.Principal sentence defining time by temporal expressions.(α).Principal sentence with pluperf. (1) Cum with perf. or histor. pres.:(β).dies nondum decem intercesserant cum ille alter filius necatur,
Cic. Clu. 9, 28; id. Verr. 1, 2, 36; id. Or. 2, 21, 89; Ov. M. 9, 715; Plin. Pan. 91, 1.—(2) Cum with histor. inf., Sall. J. 98, 2.—Principal sentence with imperf. (1) Cum with perf. or histor. pres.:(γ).nondum lucebat cum Ameriae scitum est,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 34, 97; Liv. 21, 59, 5; 41, 26, 2; 22, 1, 1; 9, 33, 3; 9, 37, 5; Verg. G. 2, 340; Curt. 4, 3, 16; 5, 12, 6 al.—(2) Cum with imperf., Curt. 6, 7, 1.—Principal sentence with perf., cum with perf.:b.dies haud multi intercesserunt cum ex Leontinis praesidium... venerunt,
Liv. 24, 29, 1; 40, 48, 4.—Principal sentence not containing expressions of time; most freq. with pluperf. or imperf. in principal sentence, and perf. or histor. pres. in clause with cum, but (far more rarely) many other combinations occur.(α).Principal sentence with imperf., cum with perf.:(β).non dubitabat Minucius quin, etc., cum repente jubetur dicere,
Cic. Verr. 1, 2, 29, § 72:jamque hoc facere noctu adparabant cum matres familiae repente... procucurrerunt,
Caes. B. G. 7, 26, 3; Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 14, § 36; Liv. 1, 36, 1 (57 times); Verg. A. 1, 36 (26 times); Vell. 2, 28, 2; Sen. Ira, 1, 18, 3; Tac. A. 3, 1 (31 times); Curt. 3, 10, 1 (19 times); Plin. Ep. 6, 24, 2.—Principal sentence with pluperf., cum with perf. or histor. pres.:(γ).jam Sora capta erat cum consules prima luce advenere,
Liv. 9, 24, 13 (32 times); Cic. Clu. 9, 28 (14 times); Sall. J. 60, 6; Verg. A. 1, 586 (13 times); Tac. A. 1, 19 (13 times); Curt. 3, 10, 1 (18 times). —And cum with potential subj.:vix erat hoc plane imperatum cum illum spoliatum... videres,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86.—Principal sentence with perf., Cic. Sest. 37, 39 (5 times); Liv. 2, 46, 3 (8 times).—(δ).Principal sentence with histor. inf., Liv. 5, 46, 1; Tac. A. 1, 11; 11, 16; Curt. 5, 9, 1; 9, 5, 1.—(ε).Principal sentence with histor. pres., Liv. 4, 32, 1 (3 times); Ov. M. 4, 695 (5 times).—(ζ).Cum with imperf., Cic. Verr. 1, 6, 17 (3 times); Sall. J. 51, 2; Liv. 44, 10, 6; Tac. A. 1, 51; 11, 26.—(η).Cum with [p. 495] histor. inf., Liv. 2, 27, 1; Tac. A. 2, 31 (6 times); Curt. 4, 4, 9.—(θ).Cum with pluperf., Liv. 2, 46, 3 (3 times); Ov. M. 14, 581; Verg. A. 2, 256 sq.—(κ).With logical perf., or logical perf. and pres. (rare):5.quam multi enim jam oratores commemorati sunt... cum tamen spisse ad Antonium Crassumque pervenimus,
Cic. Brut. 36, 138:jamque fuga timidum caput abdidit alte (coluber), Cum medii nexus extremaeque agmina caudae Solvuntur,
Verg. G. 3, 422.—In clauses added loosely or parenthetically to a preceding clause or to a substantive in it (the mood governed by the rules for relative clauses).a.When, on an occasion, on which, etc.(α).With perf. indic.:(β).Hortensium maxime probavi pro Messala dicentem, cum tu abfuisti,
Cic. Brut. 96, 328; id. Phil. 11, 8, 18; id. Dom. 9, 22; 53, 136; id. Fam. 13, 75, 1; Spart. Had. 3; Flor. 1, 18, 9 (1, 13, 19).—With imperf. indic.:(γ).num infitiari potes te illo ipso die meis praesidiis circumclusum commovere te non potuisse, cum tu nostra... caede contentum esse dicebas?
Cic. Cat. 1, 3, 7; id. Sest. 63, 131; id. Cael. 24, 59.—Cum with pres. indic., a past tense in principal sentence (mostly poet.):(δ).nox erat et placidum carpebant fessa soporem Corpora... cum medio volvuntur sidera lapsu, Cum tacet omnis ager, etc.,
Verg. A. 4, 522; 8, 407; 12, 114; id. E. 8, 15; Hor. S. 1, 10, 31; Plin. Ep. 6, 16, 22.—Imperf. subj.: qui... accensi nulla deinde vi sustineri potuere, cum compulsi in castra Romani rursus obsiderentur, in consequence of which ( = ita ut), Liv. 3, 5, 8.—(ε).So freq. cum quidem, always with indic.:b.sed uterque noster cedere cogebatur, cum quidem ille pollicitus est, se quod velletis esse facturum,
Cic. Phil. 9, 4, 9; id. Fl. 22, 53; id. Pis. 9, 21; 34, 83 and 84; id. Leg. 2, 6, 14; id. Sen. 4, 11; Suet. Caes. 50; Spart. Had. 9; id. Ael. Ver. 4.—Cum tamen, at which time however, and yet, while nevertheless, representing the principal sentence as concessive, analogous to qui tamen (v. tamen).(α).With indic., like qui tamen, always, except for particular reasons:(β).fit gemitus omnium et clamor, cum tamen a praesenti supplicio tuo continuit populus Romanus se, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 1, 5, 29, § 74; id. Pis. 12, 27; Liv. 6, 42, 11; Verg. A. 9, 513; Tac. H. 1, 62; so,cum nihilo magis,
Nep. Dat. 10, 3; passing over into inverted cum clauses (4. b.), as Sall. J. 98, 2; Liv. 27, 20, 11.—With subj., Cic. Phil. 2, 18, 45; id. Fam. 1, 9, 10; Liv. 4, 31, 6 (where the clause with cum is adverbial).—6.Cum interea (interim).a.Adverbial (rare).(α).Temporal with subj.; with subj. imperf., while, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 25, § 62; with pluperf. subj., after, id. ib. 1, 2, 9, § 25; id. Fam. 15, 43.—(β).Adversative, with subj., whereas during this time. (1) Pres.:b.simulat se eorum praesidio conflteri, cum interea aliud quiddam jam diu machinetur,
Cic. Verr. 1, 6, 15; Val. Max. 2, 9, 1; Sen. Q. N. 1, prol. 14.—(2) With perf. subj.:cum tu interim vero numquam significaris sententiam tuam,
Cic. Pis. 4, 9; id. Rosc. Am. 5, 11 dub.; Val. Max. 7, 8, 6.—(3) With imperf. subj., Cic. Sull. 5, 6; Plin. Pan. 76, 1.—Relative, always with indic., in class. writings always referring to a period during which, belonging,(α).To the attributive clauses (v. 2. supra). (1) In pres.:(β).anni sunt octo... cum interea Cluentianae pecuniae vestigium nullum invenitis,
Cic. Clu. 30, 82; Liv. 5, 54, 5; Plaut. Stich. 1, 1, 33.— (2) In imperf., Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 8 (2. c.).—To the inverted clauses (4.):(γ).tanta erat in his locis multitudo cum interim Rufio noster... hominem percussit,
Cic. Att. 5, 2, 2.—So probably: cum interim Gallus quidam processit, Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 7; Cic. Fam. 3, 6, 5; id. Pis. 38, 92 sq.; id. Tusc. 4, 3, 6; Sall. J. 12, 5; 49, 4; Liv. 3, 37, 5; Val. Max. 8, 1, 3; 9, 7, 2; Sen. Ira, 2, 33, 4; Tac. H. 1, 60; with indefinite pres. indic. in both terms, Sen. Cons. Marc. 11, 5.—To the additional clauses (5.). (1) With perf. indic., Plaut. Men. 3, 1, 3; Flor. 4, 2, 69; 4, 12, 33; with inf. in oblique discourse, Liv. 4, 51, 4; 6, 27, 6.—(2) Post-Aug., and in Nep., = cum tamen (5. b.), while nevertheless, whereas, with pres. or perf. indic.:F.post Leuctricam pugnam Lacedaemonii se numquam refecerunt... cum interim Agesilaus non destitit patriam juvare,
Nep. Ages. 7, 1: cum interim Oedipodis ossa... colis, Val. Max. 5, 3, ext. 3; 3, 4, 5; 4, 4, 1; Quint. 10, 1, 18; 10, 1, 11; 12, 10, 67; Tac. H. 4, 42; Suet. Claud. 6; Flor. 4, 12, 33.In clauses completing the idea of the governing verb.1.After verbs of perception (videre, perspicere, audire, etc.; audivi cum diceres, etc. = audivi te dicentem).a.Dependent on verbs of seeing and feeling.(α).With indic.:(β).nam ipsi vident eorum quom auferimus bona ( = nos auferre or auferentes),
Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 16; id. Poen. 3, 4, 13; id. Am. 5, 1, 19; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 65; id. Mil. 2, 6, 26:conspectum est cum obiit,
Liv. 5, 25, 3.—With subj.:b.is... numquam est conspectus cum veniret,
Cic. Sest. 59, 126:vidi... Cum tu terga dares,
Ov. M. 13, 224.—After verbs of hearing, always with subj.:c.L. Flaccum ego audivi cum diceret Caeciliam exisse, etc.,
Cic. Div. 1, 46, 104; id. Par. 6, 1, 45; id. de Or. 2, 6, 22; 2, 28, 129; 2, 33, 144; 2, 37, 155; 2, 90, 365; id. Brut. 27, 85; id. Fin. 5, 19, 54; id. Fam. 3, 7, 4; Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 1.—After memini, with indic. (sc. tempus):2.memini quom... haud audebat,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 53:memini cum mihi desipere videbare,
Cic. Fam. 7, 28, 1.—With subj.:memini cum velles residere ferventissimo sole,
Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 1.—After verba adfectuum, with the force of quod, always with indic. (mostly ante-class.).a.Verbs of thanking:b.habeo gratiam tibi Quom copiam istam mi et potestatem facis,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 14; id. Curc. 5, 3, 21; id. As. 3, 2, 2; id. Most. 2, 2, 2; id. Poen. 1, 2, 46; 5, 4, 84 (99); Ter. And. 4, 4, 32; id. Ad. 1, 2, 59:tibi maximas gratias ago, cum tantum litterae meae potuerunt, ut eis lectis, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 13, 24, 2.—Of congratulation:c.quom tu's aucta liberis... gratulor,
Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 33; 2, 6, 35: L. Caesar, O mi Cicero, inquit, gratulor tibi cum tantum vales apud Dolabellam, etc., L. Caesar ap. Cic. Fam. 9, 14, 3; and ib. Att. 14, 17, A, 3.—Of rejoicing and grieving:d.quom istaec res tibi ex sententia Pulcre evenit, gaudeo,
Plaut. Rud. 5, 3, 10; id. Poen. 5, 5, 48:cum vero in C. Matii familiaritatem venisti, non dici potest quam valde gaudeam,
Cic. Fam. 7, 15, 2; Sall. J. 102, 5.—Dependent on optative sentences:G.di tibi bene faciant semper quom advocatus bene mi ades,
Plaut. Mil. 5, 26; id. Poen. 3, 3, 54; 3, 3, 74; Ter. Ad. 5, 7, 19.Elliptical usages (without predicate).1.Cum maxime.a.With ut: hanc Bacchidem Amabat, ut quom maxime, tum Pamphilus ( = ut amabat tum quom maxume amabat, as much as he ever did), Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 40:b.etiamne ea neglegamus, quae fiunt cum maxime, quae videmus?
Cic. Har. Resp. 15, 32.—Hence,By abbreviation: nunc cum maxime or cum maxime alone, now especially, just now: tum cum maxime, just then:2.nunc cum maxume operis aliquid facere credo,
Ter. Ad. 4, 1, 2; id. Phorm. 1, 4, 26; id. Heaut. 4, 5, 40:quae multos jam annos et nunc cum maxime filium interfectum cupit,
Cic. Clu. 5, 12:castra amissa, et tum cum maxime ardere,
Liv. 40, 32, 1; Curt. 3, 2, 17; Sen. Ira, 1, 16, 3; id. Ben. 3, 3, 3; id. Ep. 55, 1; 55, 11; 81, 7; Tac. Or. 16; 37; Eum. pro Schol. 4; Mamert. 2.—With maxime in adverbial clauses, just while, especially when, Cic. Att. 2, 15, 3; id. Off. 1, 13, 41; id. Fam. 1, 5, a, 2; Liv. 1, 50, 7; 2, 59, 7; 3, 25, 4; 3, 31, 3; 4, 3, 1; 8, 33, 4 et saep.—Similarly with other superlatives (post-class.):H.foliis ternis, aut, cum plurimum, quaternis,
at the utmost, Plin. 25, 10, 74, § 121; 18, 7, 10, § 60:cum tardissime,
id. 18, 7, 10, § 51:cum longissime,
Suet. Tib. 38.For co-ordinate clauses with cum... tum, v. tum, I. A. 3.II.Causal, since, because, as.A.Anteclass., chiefly with indic.1.With pres. indic.:2.hoc hic quidem homines tam brevem vitam colunt, Quom hasce herbas hujus modi in suom alvom congerunt,
because, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 34; id. Truc. 1, 2, 50; 2, 4, 8:edepol, merito esse iratum arbitror, Quom apud te tam parva'st ei fides,
since, id. Ps. 1, 5, 62; id. Most. 1, 1, 28; id. Truc. 2, 1, 32; Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 30; id. Hec. 4, 1, 53.—With perf. indic.:3.praesertim quom is me dignum quoi concrederet Habuit, me habere honorem ejus ingenio decet,
Plaut. As. 1, 1, 66; Ter. And. 3, 2, 8.—With subj.a.By construction of principal sentence: adeon, me fuisse fungum ut qui illi crederem, Quom mi ipsum nomen ejus Clamaret, etc., Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 51; id. Capt. 1, 2, 37; Ter. Hec. 3, 2, 6; id. Eun. 3, 5, 18; 5, 2, 24.—b.Independent of such construction:B.jam istoc probior es meo quidem animo quom in amore temperes,
Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 8 (bracketed by Goetz;Brix conjectures temperas): nil miror si lubenter tu hic eras, Quom ego servos quando aspicio hunc lacrumem quia dijungimur,
id. Mil. 4, 8, 18 Lorenz (Brix: quin ego... lacrumo; cf.Lubbert, Grammat. Stud. II. pp. 133, 137): Nam puerum injussu eredo non tollent meo, Praesertim in ea re quom sit mi adjutrix socrus,
Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 82; so id. Ad. 2, 1, 12.Class. and post-class., always with subj.1.With pres. subj.:2.cum ista sis auctoritate, non debes arripere maledictum ex trivio,
Cic. Mur. 6, 13:cum vita sine amicis insidiarum et metus plena sit, ratio ipsa monet amicitias comparare,
id. Fin. 1, 20, 66:quae cum ita sint, videamus, etc.,
id. Clu. 44, 123:quod cum ita sit, etc.,
id. Fam. 3, 1, 1; id. Mur. 1, 2; id. Arch. 5, 10; id. Off. 3, 3, 13; id. Rosc. Am. 8, 22; Liv. 7, 9, 5; 21, 21, 5 et saep.—With perf. subj.:3.cum inimicitiae fuerint numquam, opinio injuriae beneficiis sit exstincta... rei publicae providebo,
Cic. Prov. Cons. 20, 47; id. de Or. 1, 49, 214; the perf. subj. is often retained after a principal predicate in a past tense, id. Clu. 60, 167; id. Fam. 3, 8, 4.—With imperf. subj.a.Denoting both cause and coincidence of time:b.vacuum fundum, cum ego adessem, possidere non potuisti,
Auct. Her. 4, 29, 40; Cic. Or. 8, 25:cum tanta multitudo lapides et tela conicerent, in muro consistendi potestas erat nulli,
Caes. B. G. 2, 6; id. B. C. 3, 1; Liv. 39, 31, 3; 4, 8, 3; 25, 11, 1.—Denoting cause without time:4.cum esset egens, sumptuosus, audax... ad omnem fraudem versare suam mentem coepit,
Cic. Clu. 26, 70:quod oppidum cum esset altissimo et munitissimo loco, ad existimationem imperii arbitratus sum, comprimere eorum audaciam,
id. Fam. 15, 4, 10; Caes. B. C. 3, 37.—With pluperf. subj.:C.Caesar cum constituisset hiemare in continenti, neque multum aestatis superesset, obsides imperat, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 5, 22.With adverbs of emphasis.1.Praesertim cum, or cum praesertim, = especially since, the more so because:2.quae cum ita sint, quid est quod de ejus civitate dubitetis, praesertim cum aliis quoque civitatibus fuerit adscriptus?
Cic. Arch. 5, 10:cur enim tibi hoc non gratificor nescio, praesertim cum his temporibus audacia pro sapientia liceat uti,
id. Fam. 1, 10, 1:cum praesertim vos alium miseritis,
id. Imp. Pomp. 5, 12; id. Rosc. Am. 8, 22; id. Prov. Cons. 7, 16 (cum praesertim rarely refers to time, with indic., Sen. Ep. 85, 6).—Quippe cum represents the conclusion as selfevident, since of course, since obviously:3.nihil est virtute amabilius, quippe cum propter virtutem etiam eos, quos numquam videmus, quodammodo diligamus,
Cic. Lael. 8, 28:numquam ego pecunias istorum, etc., in bonis rebus duxi, quippe cum viderem, etc.,
id. Par. 1, 1, 6; id. Leg. 1, 1, 5; 1, 20, 54; id. Fin. 3, 12, 41; 5, 28, 84; Liv. 4, 27, 8; 4, 57, 10.—Sometimes with indic. if cum refers to time, when of course, if, of course: tu vero etiam si reprehenderes... laetarer: quippe cum in reprehensione est prudentia cum eumeneiai, Cic. Att. 16, 11, 2.—In later writers with indic., because when:omnia experiri necessitas cogebat: quippe cum primas spes fortuna destituit, futura praesentibus videntur esse potiora,
Curt. 4, 1, 29.—Utpote cum, seeing that, explanatory, with subj.:III.me incommoda valetudo qua jam emerseram, utpote cum sine febri laborassem, tenebat Brundusii,
Cic. Att. 5, 8, 1; Cels. 1 prooem.; Sen. Cons. Marc. 21, 2.Adversative, while, whereas, denoting a logical contrast with the principal sentence.A.Ante-class., chiefly,1.With indic.:2.hei mihi, insanire me aiunt, ultro quom ipsi insaniunt,
Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 80; id. Stich. 1, 37; id. Bacch. 5, 2, 5; Ter. Phorm. prol. 23; 2, 2, 26.—Subj.a.By construction of principal predicate:b.tibi obtemperem quom tu mihi nequeas?
Plaut. Most. 4, 2, 16 (4, 1, 50).—Independent of construction: edepol, Cupido, quom tam pausillus sis, nimis multum vales, Naev. ap. Non. p. 421, 25 (Lubbert conjectures quom [p. 496] tu's tam pausillus):B.eo vos madefacitis, quom ego sim hic siccus?
Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 52.Class. and post-class., always with subj.1.With pres. subj.:2.cum de bonis et de caede agatur, testimonium dicturus est is qui et sector est et sicarius,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 36, 103; id. Clu. 24, 65; id. Leg. 1, 7, 22:et cum tibi, viro, liceat purpura in veste stragula uti, matrem familias tuam purpureum amiculum habere non sines?
Liv. 34, 7, 3; Sen. Prov. 4, 10; id. Clem. 1, 18, 2; id. Ben. 2, 16, 1.—With perf. subj.: an tu, cum omnem auctoritatem universi ordinis pro pignore putaris, eamque... concideris, me his existimas pignoribus terreri? Crass. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 1, 4:3.indignatur exul aliquid sibi deesse, cum defuerit Scipioni dos?
Sen. Cons. Helv. 12, 7; id. Ira, 3, 12, 7; freq. pres. and perf. subj. retained, if dependent on preterites, Cic. Brut. 71, 250; id. Agr. 3, 2, 5.—With imperf. subj.:4.ita, cum maximis eum rebus liberares, perparvam amicitiae culpam relinquebas,
Cic. Deiot. 3, 10:hunc Egnatium censores, cum patrem eicerent, retinuerunt,
id. Clu. 48, 135:eorum erat V. milium numerus, cum ipsi non amplius octingentos equites haberent,
Caes. B. G. 4, 11; Liv. 1, 55, 3; Cic. de Or. 1, 1, 1; 1, 53, 227; 2, 50, 203; id. Clu. 5, 12; id. Ac. 1, 10, 38 sq.; Liv. 39, 49, 1; Val. Max. 1, 6, 11; 3, 2, 10 fin. —With pluperf. subj.:IV.Socratis ingenium immortalitati scriptis suis Plato tradidit, cum ipse litteram Socrates nullam reliquisset,
Cic. de Or. 3, 16, 60; id. Ac. 2, 1, 2; id. Prov. Cons. 11, 27; Val. Max. 1, 8, 11.Concessive, although, denoting a reason for the contrary of the principal sentence.A.Ante-class., mostly with indic.1.Indic.:2.qui it lavatum In balineas, quom ibi sedulo sua vestimenta servat, Tam subripiuntur,
Plaut. Rud. 2, 3, 52; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 12; Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 26; id. Truc. 1, 2, 89 (95); id. Stich. 1, 2, 67.—With subj.: nihilominus ipsi lucet, quom illi accenderit, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 16, 51 (Trag. Rel. v. 389 Rib.).B.Class. and post-class., always with subj.1.Pres. subj.:2.testis est Graecia, quae cum eloquentiae studio sit incensa, jamdiuque excellat in ea... tamen omnis artis vetustiores habet,
Cic. Brut. 7, 26:nam (Druentia) cum aquae vim vehat ingentem, non tamen navium patiens est,
Liv. 21, 31, 11.—Imperf. subj.:3.ego autem, cum consilium tuum probarem, et idem ipse sentirem, nihil proficiebam,
Cic. Fam. 4, 1, 1:non poterant tamen, cum cuperent, Apronium imitari,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 34, § 78; id. de Or. 1, 28, 126; id. Brut. 7, 28; 91, 314; id. Inv. 2, 31, 97; id. Clu. 40, 110; Caes. B. G. 5, 40; Liv. 5, 38, 5; Nep. Att. 13, 1; so,quae cum ita essent... tamen,
although this was so, Cic. Clu. 34, 94; id. Fam. 2, 16, 2.—With pluperf. subj.:V.cui cum Cato et Caninius intercessissent, tamen est perscripta,
Cic. Fam. 1, 2, 4:patrem meum, cum proscriptus non esset, jugulastis,
id. Rosc. Am. 11, 32.In hypothetical clauses, always with imperf. or pluperf. subj., = si, but defining an assumed or fictitious time.1.With imperf. subj.:2.quis ex populo, cum Scaevolam dicentem audiret in ea causa, quicquam politius aut elegantius exspectaret?
Cic. Brut. 55, 194:etiam tum quiesceretis cum rem publicam a facinorosissimis sicariis esse oppressam videretis?
id. Sest. 38, 81; id. Rosc. Am. 31, 86; id. Verr. 2, 1, 10, §§ 28 and 29.—With pluperf. subj.:quod esset judicium cum de Verris turpissimo comitatu tres recuperatorum nomine adsedissent?
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 12, § 30:mors cum exstinxisset invidiam, res ejus gestae sempiterni nominis glorianiterentur,
id. Balb. 6, 16. -
4 cum
1. cum (altl. quom), Coni. (ein alter Acc. gen. neutr. von qui), I) zu Angabe der Zeit, A) im allg.: 1) wenn, als, is qui non defendit iniuriam, cum potest, iniuste facit, Cic.: bes. mit vorausgehendem tum, tunc, nunc, iam, od. einem die Zeit bestimmenden Substant., wie tempus, annus, mensis u.a., fructus ingenii tum maxime capitur, cum in proximum quemque confertur, Cic.: cum primum, sobald als, Cic. – m. Praes. hist. od. aorist. Perf. od. Imperf., auch mit Infin. hist., wenn in der lebhaften Darstellung das Verhältnis der Sätze umgekehrt wird, dies haud multi intercesserant, cum legati venerunt, Liv.: dies nondum decem intercesserant, cum ille necatur, Cic.: caedebatur, cum nullus gemitus audiebatur, Liv.: iam dies consumptus erat, cum tamen barbari nihil remittere atque acrius instare, Sall.: häufig mit repente, subito, interim, interea u.a. verb., cum repente iubetur dicere, Cic. – 2) so oft als, so oft etwa, wenn etwa, cum ad aliquod oppidum venerat, in cubiculum deferebatur, Cic. – mit Coniunctiv, veniebat in theatrum, cum ibi concilium populi haberetur, Nep. – 3) seit, multi anni sunt, cum Fabius in aere meo est, Cic.B) insbes., mit dem Nbbegr. 1) einer relativen Bestimmung, bes. nach Substst. wie tempus, dies u.a., als, wo, fuit quoddam tempus, cum homines vagabantur, Cic.: fuit, cum hoc dici poterat, Liv. – m.————Coniunctiv, wenn der Zeitbegriff nach seiner Beschaffenheit näher erklärt werden soll, fuit tempus, cum rura colerent homines, Varro: fuit, cum arbitrarer, Cic.: saepe audivi, cum diceret, Cic. – 2) eines kausalen Zusammenhangs, wenn, cum imperium abrogabat, poterat videri facere id iniuste, Cic.: tibi maximas gratias ago, cum tantum litterae meae potuerunt, Cic. – 3) eines hypothetischen Zusammenhangs, wenn, nulla est haec amicitia, cum alter verum audire non vult, alter ad mentiendum paratus est, Cic.: in hominem dicendum est, cum oratio argumentationem non habet, Cic.: praeclare facis, cum puerum diligis, Cic.: dah. auch in konzessivem Zusammenhange, wenn, wenn auch, pauci potentes cum tabulas... emunt, tamen divitias vincere nequeunt, Sall. – Bes. in der Verbindung cum... tum, die zwei Sätze aneinander reiht. Steht in beiden Sätzen nur ein Verbum, so ist der Indicat. regelmäßig; hat jeder einzelne aber sein eigenes Verbum, so findet sich in dem mit cum eingeleiteten gewöhnlich der Coniunctiv. Im ersten Falle übersetzen wir cum... tum durch sowohl... als auch, nicht nur... sondern auch, im zweiten Falle durch wenn auch... so doch, sowohl... als auch ganz besonders, te cum semper valere cupio, tum certe, dum hic sumus, Cic.: cum plurimas commoditates amicitia contineat, tum illa praestat omnibus, Cic.: das zweite Glied auch noch durch etiam,————vero, maxime, praecipue, imprimis u.a. verstärkt, Cic.: auch können sowohl die mit cum gebildeten Sätze (Cic. ep. 6, 4, 1) als auch die mit tum gebildeten (Cic. ep. 9, 13, 2) gehäuft werden; bisweilen wird das zweite Glied auch durch simul angereiht, Liv. 3, 50, 10. – dah. steht cum maxime ellipt., gerade, besonders, vorzüglich, auch noch, cum maxime volo, Ter.: nunc cum maxime, Cic.: hanc amabat, ut cum maxime, Ter.: paret cum maxime mortuo, er gehorcht ihm auch noch, wenn er tot ist, Cic.: quae fiunt cum maxime, was häufig noch geschieht, Cic.II) zur Angabe der Ursache, mit Coniunctiv, A) im allg., da, cum valetudo et vita sine amicis insidiarum et metus plena sit, ratio ipsa monet amicitias comparare, Cic.: cum in communibus suggestis consistere non auderet, contionari ex turri alta solebat, Cic.: cum interemisset Clitum, vix a se manus continuit, Cic.: dah. quippe cum, utpote cum, zum Ausdruck einer subjektiven Ansicht des Redenden, Cic.B) insbes., mit dem Nbbgr. 1) des zeitlichen Zusammenhangs, bes. in der Erzählung, wo im Nebensatz das Imperf. od. Plusquamperf. steht, als, da, Zenonem, cum Athenis essem, audiebam frequenter, Cic.: Antigonus cum pugnaret, occisus est, Nep.: Epaminondas cum vicisset Lacedaemonios, quaesivit, Cic. – 2) eines konzessiven Zusammenhangs, da doch, obgleich, Druentiae flumen, cum aquae vim————vehat ingentem, non tamen navium patiens est, Liv.: cum rho dicere nequiret, exercitatione fecisse, ut etc., Cic.: Socratis ingenium immortalitati Plato scriptis suis tradidit, cum ipse litteram Socrates nullam reliquisset, Cic. – ⇒ Im Plaut. schreibt man quom, in allen übrigen Schriftstellern cum, bisweilen quum; vgl. Georges Lexik. d. lat. Wortf. S. 183.————————2. cum, Praep. m. Abl. (auf Inschrn. auch cun u. con u. quom, in Hdschrn. auch quom geschr.) = ξύν od. σύν, mit, samt, nebst, nicht ohne (Ggstz. sine), zuw. verb. unā cum, simul cum (s. unā u. simul), zusammen mit, zugleich mit, I) im Raume: a) zur Ang. des Zusammenseins, der Gesellschaft, der Begleitung, semper ille antea cum uxore, tum sine ea, Cic. Mil. 55. – u. so esse, vivere, agitare, habitare, cenare, dormire cum alqo, w. s.: ire, abire, redire cum alqo, w. s.: mittere, dimittere, praemittere cum alqo, w. s.: alqm secum habere, secum ducere und ähnliche Verba, wo das Nähere zu finden sein wird. – m. Lebl., cum omnibus suis carris sequi, Caes.: cum impedimentis venire, Caes.: alqm cum litteris dimittere, Sall.: in tabernaculo sellam auream cum sceptro ac diademate iussit poni, Nep.: semper aliquid secum afferunt tuae litterae, Cic.: quidquid vides currit cum tempore, Sen. – u. im Unwillen (s. Fabri Sall. orat. Licin. § 18. p. 436), abi hinc cum donis tuis tam lepidis, Ter.: abi hinc cum tribunatibus et rogationibus tuis, Liv.: abi hinc cum immaturo amore ad sponsum, Liv. – ⇒ Auch in Verbindungen wie Liber pater et cum Castore Pollux, Hor., oder negaretis hoc mihi cum dis, Liv., od. dux cum principibus capiuntur, Liv., od. Demosthenes cum ceteris erant expulsi, Nep. ist der Begriff der Begleitung festzuhalten.————So nun bes.: α) bei Ang. der Begleitung eines Befehlshabers od. Untergebenen, eines Wächters od. Schützers, mit = in Begleitung, im Geleite von usw., eā (auf diesem Wege) cum Magone equites Hispanorum praemissos, Liv.: duumviros navales cum classe Pisas ire, Liv.: rex Hellespontum cum exercitu transiit, Liv.: consul iam cum legionibus mare traiecit, Liv.: reliquos cum custodibus in aedem Concordiae venire iubet, mit (unter) Bedeckung, Sall.: in hanc opimam mercedem, agite, cum dis bene iuvantibus arma capite, im Geleite der h. G., Liv.: so auch cum dis volentibus, Cato. – β) bei Ang. des gemeinschaftl. Besitzes mit jmd., unum imperium unumque magistratum habere cum ipsis, Liv.: alia omnia sibi cum collega (esse) ratus, alle anderen Obliegenheiten habe er mit dem K. gemeinschaftlich, Liv. – γ) bei Ang. des gemeinschaftlichen Wirkens mit jmd., mit = in Gemeinschaft mit, in Verbindung mit, im Verein mit, unter Mitwirkung von, verbunden mit, praedas bellicas imperatores cum paucis diripiebant, Sall.: Varro cum iis quas habebat legionibus ulteriorem Hispaniam tueatur, Caes.: in postremo C. Marius cum equitibus curabat, Sall.: Bocchus cum peditibus invadunt, Sall.: bellum gerere cum Aegyptiis ad versus regem, Nep.: cum alqo contra alqm arma ferre, Nep. – ebenso facere, stare cum alqo, w. s. – δ) bei Ang. des Verkehrs, mit = im Verkehre, im Umgange————mit, in Verbindung mit, cum alqo se delectare od. se oblectare, Cic.: is quicum (= quocum) familiaritas fuerat, societas erat, Cic. (so auch pax, foedus cum alqo, s. pax, foedus): nihil cum potentiore iuris humani relinquitur inopi, Liv.: cum patrono Epicureo mihi omnia sunt, Cic.: mihi ante aedilitatem nihil erat cum Cornificio, Cic.: u. (mit Lebl.) quid mihi, inquit, cum ista summa sanctimonia ac diligentia? Cic. – orationem habere cum multitudine, Cic.: agere cum alqo, w. s.: reputare cum animo, secum und dgl., w. s. – und v. feindl. Verkehre, mit, pugnare, dimicare, certare, confligere, contendere cum alqo, w. s.: queri cum alqo, querelae cum alqo, w. s. – ε) bei Ang. der Vereinigung, Verknüpfung, der Übereinstimmung, sowie der Trennung, Abweichung u. dgl., zB. iungere, coniungere, conectere cum alqo u. dgl., w. s. – sentire, consentire, congruere cum alqo u. dgl., w. s. – distractum esse, dissidere, discrepare, dissentire, differre cum alqo u. dgl., w. s.b) zur Ang. des Versehenseins mit etw., mit, in = versehen, bekleidet, ausgerüstet, ausgestattet, bewaffnet, begabt, behaftet mit usw., α) v. leb. Wesen: cursitare cum Sicyoniis (in siz. Schuhen), Cornif. rhet.: cum pallio purpureo versabatur in conviviis, Cic.: cum tunica pulla sedere solebat et pallio, Cic.: cives Romanos cum mitella saepe vidimus, Cic.: cum purpurea veste processit, Cic.: cum ramis oleae in-————gressi curiam, Liv.: quaestores cum fascibus mihi praesto fuerunt, Cic.: illum dicis cum armis aureis, mit der g. Rüstung (= der die g. Rüstung trägt, anhat), Plaut.: alqm pingere cum clipeo, Plin.: esse cum libro (ein Buch in der Hand haben), Cic.: esse cum catenis, K. tragen, Plaut.: esse cum telo, eine Waffe bei sich führen (was in Rom verboten war), Cic.: domi Caesaris deprehensum esse cum sica, Cic.: cum gladio cruento comprehensum esse in illo ipso loco, Cic.: in alqm cum ferro invadere, Cic.: cum telis impetum facere in alqm, Cic.: collocari cum gladiis, Cic. – porcus cum capite humano natus, Liv.: agnus biceps cum quinque pedibus natus, Liv.: Auximi nata puella cum dentibus, Liv. – iste adulescens cum hac dis irata fronte, Cic.: cum febri domum redire, Cic.: cum gravi vulnere ferri ex proelio, referri in castra, Liv. – legatos cum auctoritate (Vollmacht) mittere, Cic.: esse cum imperio, unumschränkte Gewalt-, den Oberbefehl haben (dagegen esse in imperio = ein höheres Staatsamt bekleiden), Cic.: ebenso nemine cum imperio aut magistratu tendente quoquam quin deverteret Rhodum, Suet: alqm cum imperio habere apud exercitum, Nep.: privatus sit an cum potestate, Cic. (vgl. Korte Cic. ep. 1, 1, 7. Zumpt Cic. Verr. 3, 74. p. 890). – erat T. Iuventius non indoctus et magna cum iuris civilis intellegentia, Cic.: abire cum gloria poterant, si etc., Curt. – β) v. Lebl.: salinum cum sale,————Plaut.: olla cum aqua, Cato: fisci complures cum pecunia Siciliensi, Cic.: scrinium cum litteris, Sall.: duo pocula non magna, verum tamen cum emblemate, Cic.: currus cum falcibus et elephanti cum turribus, Gell. – bei Ang. des Ertrags, ager efficit cum octavo, cum decimo, bringt das achte, zehnte Korn, achtfältig, zehnfältig, Cic.: ut ex eodem semine aliubi cum decimo redeat, aliubi cum quinto decimo, Varro: cum centesima fruge agris fenus reddente terrā, Plin. – v. Zuständen, gloria est frequens de aliquo fama cum laude, Cic.: ut viginti annorum militiam cum illa virtute, cum illa fortuna taceam, Liv.c) bei Ang. des Mittels u. Werkzeugs, mit, zB. ista cum lingua culos lingere, Catull.: extemplo silentio facto cum voce maxima conclamat, Claud. Quadrig. fr.: caede caudam cum tabula aliqua non ponderosa, Veget. mul. – u. so der gramm. t.t., scribi cum littera quadam, zB. terra in augurum libris scripta cum R uno, Varro LL. 5, 21.II) in der Zeit, a) übh. bei Ang. des Gleichzeitigen, mit, bei, gleichzeitig mit, unmittelbar nach (zuw. auch verb. pariter cum, simul cum; s. die Auslgg. zu Ter. adelph. 5, 3, 55. Korte Sall. Iug. 68, 2 u. Lucan. 5, 678), abs te abii hinc hodie cum diluculo, Plaut.: cum prima luce Pomponii domum venire, Cic.: cum primo mane Leptim vehi, Auct. b. Afr.: so cum primo lumine solis, Verg.: u. bei den Dichtern oft cum side-————re, Catull., cum luce, Ov., cum sole, Verg. – pariter cum ortu solis castra metari, Sall.: pariter cum occasu solis expeditos educere, Sall.: simul cum sole expergisci, Cic.: simul cum occasu solis egredi, Sall. – exiit cum nuntio Crassus, Caes.: cum his nuntius Romam ad consulendum redit, Liv.: simul cum domo designavit templo Iovis fines, Liv. – Ggstz., ut quaeratur, quid ante rem, quid cum re, quid post rem evenerit, Cic. top. 51.b) bei Ang. gleichzeitiger Nebenumstände (sowohl äußerer Umstände als Gemütszustände), mit, unter, nicht ohne (Ggstz. sine, s. Suet. Cal. 16, 3 legata ex testamento Iuliae Augustae cum fide ac sine calumnia repraesentata persolvit), alqm cum cruciatu necare, Caes.: risus omnium cum hilaritate coortus est, Nep.: cum clamore in forum curritur, Liv.: cum silentio (in der Stille, lautlos, geräuschlos) audiri, ad alqm convenire, Liv. – obsides summa cum contumelia extorquere, Caes.: magno cum periculo suo (für sie) in eam turbam incĭderunt, Liv.: summa cum celeritate ad exercitum redire, Hirt. b. G.: multis cum lacrimis obsecrare, Caes.: alqd magno cum gemitu civitatis auferre, Cic.: cum gratulatione et ingenti favore populi domum reduci, Liv.: semper magno cum metu incipio dicere, Cic. – so oft in den Verbindungen cum (magna) cura, cum (bona) gratia, cum (bona) pace, cum (bona) venia, s. cura, gratia, pax, venia. – zuw.————auch bei Ang. von unmittelbar aus einer Handlung hervorgehenden Wirkungen u. Folgen, zu, zur, zum, quo die ad Alliam cum exitio urbis foede pugnatum, Liv.: illo itinere venit Lampsacum cum magna calamitate et prope pernicie civitatis, Cic.: magno cum periculo provinciae futurum, ut etc., Caes.: magna cum offensione civium suorum redire, Nep.: maxima cum offensione patrum abire consulatu, Liv.: summa cum offensione Pompeii domi remanere, Cic. – endlich auch bei Ang. eines gleichzeitig als Bedingung od. Beschränkung eintretenden Nebenumstandes, nur mit, doch nur mit (s. Fabri Sall. Iug. 86, 3), zB. liberalitas si cum mercede (benigna est), conducta est, Cic.: quibus videmus optabiles mortes fuisse cum gloria, Cic.: omnia cum pretio honesta videntur, wenn es nur Geld einträgt, Sall. – so bes. cum eo, quod od. ut od. ne, unter der Bedingung (Beschränkung), daß od. daß nicht usw., dergestalt-, doch so-, außerdem daß od. daß nicht usw. (griech. επὶ τούτῳ, εφ ᾽ᾧτε u. bl. εφ᾽ ᾧτε m. folg. Infin.), sit sane, quoniam ita tu vis, sed tamen cum eo, credo, quod sine peccato meo fiat, Cic.: Antium nova colonia missa cum eo, ut Antiatibus permitteretur, Liv.: obsequar voluntati tuae cum eo, ne dubites id opus geometrarum magis esse quam rusticorum, Col.: cum eo tamen, ne quis, qui valere et sanescere volet, hoc cotidianum habeat, Cels.; vgl. Brolén de eloc. Cels. p.————44. – u. cum eo, quod = außerdem daß, hoc cum eo quod candidos facit dentes, tum etiam confirmat, Scrib. 60: u. cum eo, ut = mit dem Umstande, daß usw., so daß zugleich, Liv. 8, 14, 2; 30, 10, 21; 36, 35, 3. – ⇒ cum wird dem Abl. der Personalpron. immer (s. Cic. or. 154), dem Abl. des Relativpron. häufig angehängt, also mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, vobiscum, quocum (quîcum), quācum, quocum, quibuscum; nicht selten aber auch (bei Livius, Vellejus u. Curtius immer) cum quo, cum qua, cum quibus. Vgl. Greef im Philol. 32, 711 ff. – Spätlat. mit Acc., cum uxorem suam, Rossi inscr. Chr. 144. -
5 cum [1]
1. cum (altl. quom), Coni. (ein alter Acc. gen. neutr. von qui), I) zu Angabe der Zeit, A) im allg.: 1) wenn, als, is qui non defendit iniuriam, cum potest, iniuste facit, Cic.: bes. mit vorausgehendem tum, tunc, nunc, iam, od. einem die Zeit bestimmenden Substant., wie tempus, annus, mensis u.a., fructus ingenii tum maxime capitur, cum in proximum quemque confertur, Cic.: cum primum, sobald als, Cic. – m. Praes. hist. od. aorist. Perf. od. Imperf., auch mit Infin. hist., wenn in der lebhaften Darstellung das Verhältnis der Sätze umgekehrt wird, dies haud multi intercesserant, cum legati venerunt, Liv.: dies nondum decem intercesserant, cum ille necatur, Cic.: caedebatur, cum nullus gemitus audiebatur, Liv.: iam dies consumptus erat, cum tamen barbari nihil remittere atque acrius instare, Sall.: häufig mit repente, subito, interim, interea u.a. verb., cum repente iubetur dicere, Cic. – 2) so oft als, so oft etwa, wenn etwa, cum ad aliquod oppidum venerat, in cubiculum deferebatur, Cic. – mit Coniunctiv, veniebat in theatrum, cum ibi concilium populi haberetur, Nep. – 3) seit, multi anni sunt, cum Fabius in aere meo est, Cic.
B) insbes., mit dem Nbbegr. 1) einer relativen Bestimmung, bes. nach Substst. wie tempus, dies u.a., als, wo, fuit quoddam tempus, cum homines vagabantur, Cic.: fuit, cum hoc dici poterat, Liv. – m. Coniunctiv, wenn der Zeitbegriff nach seiner Beschaffenheit näher erklärt werden soll, fuit tempus, cum rura colerent homines, Varro: fuit, cum arbitrarer, Cic.: saepe audivi, cum diceret, Cic. – 2) eines kausalen Zusammenhangs, wenn, cum imperium abrogabat, poterat videri facere id iniuste, Cic.: tibi maximas gratias ago, cum tantum litterae meae potuerunt, Cic. – 3) eines hypothetischen Zusammenhangs, wenn, nulla est haec amicitia, cum alter verum audire non vult, alter ad mentiendum paratus est, Cic.: in hominem dicendum est, cum oratio argumentationem non habet, Cic.: praeclare facis, cum puerum diligis, Cic.: dah. auch in konzessivem Zusammenhange, wenn, wenn auch, pauci potentes cum tabulas... emunt, tamen divitias vincere nequeunt, Sall. – Bes. in der Verbindung cum... tum, die zwei Sätze aneinander reiht. Steht in beiden Sätzen nur ein Verbum, so ist der Indicat. regelmäßig; hat jeder einzelne aber sein eigenes Verbum, so findet sich in dem mit cum eingeleiteten gewöhnlich der Coniunctiv. Im ersten Falle übersetzen wir cum... tum durch sowohl... als auch, nicht nur... sondern auch, im zweiten Falle durch wenn auch... so doch, sowohl... als auch ganz besonders, te cum semper valere cupio, tum certe, dum hic sumus, Cic.: cum plurimas commoditates amicitia contineat, tum illa praestat omnibus, Cic.: das zweite Glied auch noch durch etiam, vero, maxime, praecipue, imprimis u.a. verstärkt, Cic.: auch können sowohl die mit cum gebildeten Sätze (Cic. ep. 6, 4, 1) als auch die mit tum gebildeten (Cic. ep. 9, 13, 2) gehäuft werden; bisweilen wird das zweite Glied auch durch simul angereiht, Liv. 3, 50, 10. – dah. steht cum maxime ellipt., gerade, besonders, vorzüglich, auch noch, cum maxime volo, Ter.: nunc cum maxime, Cic.: hanc amabat, ut cum maxime, Ter.: paret cum maxime mortuo, er gehorcht ihm auch noch, wenn er tot ist, Cic.: quae fiunt cum maxime, was häufig noch geschieht, Cic.
II) zur Angabe der Ursache, mit Coniunctiv, A) im allg., da, cum valetudo et vita sine amicis insidiarum et metus plena sit, ratio ipsa monet amicitias comparare, Cic.: cum in communibus suggestis consistere non auderet, contionari ex turri alta solebat, Cic.: cum interemisset Clitum, vix a se manus continuit, Cic.: dah. quippe cum, utpote cum, zum Ausdruck einer subjektiven Ansicht des Redenden, Cic.
B) insbes., mit dem Nbbgr. 1) des zeitlichen Zusammenhangs, bes. in der Erzählung, wo im Nebensatz das Imperf. od. Plusquamperf. steht, als, da, Zenonem, cum Athenis essem, audiebam frequenter, Cic.: Antigonus cum pugnaret, occisus est, Nep.: Epaminondas cum vicisset Lacedaemonios, quaesivit, Cic. – 2) eines konzessiven Zusammenhangs, da doch, obgleich, Druentiae flumen, cum aquae vim vehat ingentem, non tamen navium patiens est, Liv.: cum rho dicere nequiret, exercitatione fecisse, ut etc., Cic.: Socratis ingenium immortalitati Plato scriptis suis tradidit, cum ipse litteram Socrates nullam reliquisset, Cic. – / Im Plaut. schreibt man quom, in allen übrigen Schriftstellern cum, bisweilen quum; vgl. Georges Lexik. d. lat. Wortf. S. 183.
-
6 incumbent in·cum·bent
[ɪn'kʌmbənt] frm1. adjit is incumbent on him to do it... — spetta a lui farlo...
2. n(gen) titolare m/f, Rel beneficiatoFALSE FRIEND: incumbent is not translated by the Italian word incombente -
7 ἈΜΦί
ἈΜΦί, Advb. u. Praepos. mit gen. accus. dat.; verwandt mit ἀμφίς, ἄμφω, ἀμφότερος, das Latein. amb–, ambo, das deutsche um (umb); unterscheidet sich eigentlich u. ursprünglich von περί dadurch, daß dieses bedeutet »auf allen Seiten«, ἀμφί »auf beiden Seiten«, d. h. auf zwei einander entgegengesetzten Seiten eines Gegenstandes. Dieser Unterschied erhielt sich in einigen Zsstzgen, wie z. B. ἀμφήκης, auf beiden Seiten scharf, zweischneidig; ἀμφίδυμος λιμήν, auf beiden Seiten zugänglich; νῆες ἀμφιέλισσαι; in anderen composs. ist ἀμφίdurchaus = περί, z. B. ἀμφίρυτος, ἀμφιμάχεσϑαι, ἀμφιτρομέω; in ἀμφίαλος ist, wenn es von einer Insel gebraucht wird, ἀμφί = περί, wenn es von einem Isthmus gebraucht wird, heißt es »auf beiden Seiten« vom Meere umgeben. Als selbstständiges Wortist ἀμφίüberall = περί, dessen einzelne Constructionen u. Bedeutungen es durchaus theilt, vgl. Epimerism. Hom. Cram. Anecd. Ox. 1 p. 41. 66. 336 Etym. m. p. 94; in Att. Prosa kommt ἀμφί cum dat. nicht vor, u. auch mit gen. u. accus. verbunden ist es seltner als περί u. hat überall den Charakter des Poetischenn der Reminiscenz oder Anspielungauf Dichterstellen; Dichtern empfahl sich ἀμφί durch seine Alterthümlichkeit u. aus metrischen Gründen, vgl. z. B. Iliad. 18, 564 ἀμφὶ δὲ κυανέην κάπετον, περὶ δ' ἕρκος ἔλασσεν κασσιτέρου, Od. 10, 262 αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ περὶ μὲν ξίφος ἀργυρόηλον ὤμοιιν βαλόμην, μέγα χάλκεον, ἀμφὶ δὲ τόξα. Man beachte die Verbindung von ἀμφί u. περί Iliad. 21. 10 ὄχϑαι δ' ἀμφὶ περὶ μεγάλ' ἴαχον, 2, 305 ἡμεῖς δ' ἀμφὶ περὶ κρήνην ἱεροὺς κατὰ βωμοὺς ἔρδομεν ἀϑανάτοισι τεληέσσας ἑκατόμβας, 23, 191 μὴ πρὶν μένος ἠελίοιο σκήλει' ἀμφὶ περὶ χρόα ἴνεσιν ἠδὲ μέλεσσιν, 15, 647 ἀμφὶ δὲ πήληξ σμερδαλέον κονάβησε περὶ κροτάφοισι πεσόντος, Od. 11, 609 σμερδαλέος δέ οἱ ἀμφὶ περὶ στήϑεσσιν ἀορτὴρ χρύσεος ἦν τελαμών, 8, 175 ἀλλ' οὔ οἱ χάρις.ἀμφιπεριστέφεται ἐπέεσσιν, Iliad. 8, 348 Ἑκτωρ δ' ἀμφιπεριστρώφα καλλίτριχας ἵππους: in allen diesen Stellen ist kein Unterschied der Bedeutung zwischen beiden Wörtern, u. eines von beiden genügte um den Sinn präcis auszudrücken, so daß hier also überall ἀμφί u. περίπαραλλήλως stehen. – Als Ad ν b. ist ἀμφί bei Hom. sicher Iliad. 10, 151 ἀμφὶ δ' ἑταῖροι εὗδον, 22, 149 ἀμφὶ δὲ καπνὸς γίγνεται ἐξ αὐτῆς, 240 ἦ μὲν πολλὰ πατὴρ καὶ πότνιαμήτηρ λίσσονϑ' ἑξείης γουνούμενοι, ἀμφὶ δ' ἑταῖροι, αὖϑι μένειν, 24, 452 ἀμφὶδέ οἱ μεγάλην αὐλὴν ποίησαν ἄνακτι σταυροῖσιν πυκινοῖσι, Od. 3, 32 ἔνϑ' ἄρα Νέστωρ ἧστο σὺν υἱάσιν, ἀμφὶ δ' ἑταῖροι δαῖτ' ἐντυνόμενοι κρέα ὤπτων, 9, 492 ἐγὼ Κύκλωπα προσηύδων· ἀμφὶ δ' ἑταῖροι μειλιχίοις ἐπέεσσιν ἐρήτυον ἄλλοϑεν ἄλλος, 10, 94 λευκη δ' ἦν ἀμφὶ γαλήνη, 11, 136. 23, 283 ἀμφὶ δὲ λαοὶ ὄλβιοι ἔσσονται, 17, 208 ἀμφὶ δ' ἄρ' αἰγείρων ὑδατοτρεφέων ἦν ἄλσος. In anderen Stellen ist es zweifelhaft, ob man nicht lieber Tmesis annehmen soll, z. B. Iliad. 15, 9 ἀμφὶ δ' ἑταῖροι εἵαϑ', 24, 83 ἀμφὶ δέ τ' ἄλλαι εἵαϑ' ὁμηγερέες ἅλιαι ϑεαί, Od. 9, 544 ἀμφὶ δ' ἑταῖροι εἵατ' ὀδυρόμενοι. Bemerkenswerth Fälle wie Iliad. 4, 328 εὗρ' υἱὸν Πετεῶο Μενεσϑῆα πλήξιππον ἑσταότ'· ἀμφὶ δ' Ἀϑηναῖοι, μήστωρες ἀυτῆς; 10, 573 αὐτοὶ δ' ἱδρῶ πολλὸν ἀπενίζοντο ϑαλάσσῃ ἐσβάντες, κνήμας τε ἰδὲ λόφον ἀμφί τε μηρούς; 18, 414 σπόγγῳ δ' ἀμφὶ πρόσωπα καὶἄμφω χεῖρ' ἀπομόργνυ αὐχένα τε στιβαρὸν καὶ στήϑεα; Od. 3, 429 δαῖτα πένεσϑαι, ἕδρας τε ξύλα τ' ἀμφὶ καὶ ἀγλαὸν οἰσέμεν ὕδωρ; Iliad. 18, 564 Od. 10, 262 s. oben; Od. 2, 153 δρυψαμένω δ' ὀνύχεσσι παρειὰς ἀμφί τε δειρὰς δεξιὼ ἤιξαν; 6, 292 δήεις ἀγλαὸν ἄλσος Ἀϑήνηςἄγχι κελεύϑου αἰγείρων· ἐν δὲ κρήνη νάει, ἀμφὶ δὲ λειμών, Scholl. ἀμφὶ δὲ λειμών: λείπει ἐστίν, ἢ ϑάλλει; – h. Merc. 172 Cer. 85, wo es den Nebenbegriff des Reichlichen hat; Hes. Sc. 172, auf beiden Seiten, s. ἀμφίς; Pind. P. 8, 88, in der Umgebung; Soph. Tr. 784; Eur. Phoen. 329; häufiger als Tmesen erklärt. – Praeposition, a) mit dem gen., 1) ein Verweilen um einen Ort ausdrückend, selten: οἱ ἀμφὶ τῆς πόλιος οἰκέοντες Her. 8, 104; wohin vielleicht Theocr. 25, 9 ἐπ' ὄχϑαις ἀμφ' Ἐλισοῠντος gehört; ὁ ἀμφὶ Λίμνης τρόχος Eur. Hipp. 1133. – 2) Entfernung aus dem Orte: ἀμφὶ πορφυρέων πέπλων ξίφη σπάσαντες Eur. Or. 1457, aus dem umhüllenden Gewande hervorziehend. – 3) der Gegenstand, um dessentwillen etwas geschieht, zunächst in Fällen, wie μάχεσϑαι ἀμφὶ πίδακος Il. 16, 825, wo noch an den Ort selbst gedacht werden kann; dann übh. der Gegenstand einer Rede, eines Thuns, ἀείδειν ἀμφὶ φιλότητος Od. 8, 267; σπουδὰν ϑέμεν ἀμφὶ Κυράνας Pind. P. 4, 276; τὰ Περσέως ἀμφὶ Μεδοίσας, die Thaten des Perseus um die Medusa, N. 10, 4; ἀμφὶ παγκρατίου στέφανον πλέκειν I. 7, 66; vgl. O. 12, 8 P. 9, 105; Aesch. ἆϑλον ἀμφί τινος Pr. 704, παλαίσματα Ag. 62, λέγειν 1053 u. öfter, wie Eur. Hec. 580; vgl. Soph. Phil. 1354; Eur. El. 818 u. öfter. In Prosa sehr selten, τοσαῠτα ἐγένετο ἀμφὶ κρίσιος, in Bezug auf die Wahl, Her. 6, 131; ἡ δίκη ἡ ἀμφὶ τοῦ πατρός Xen. Cyr. 3, 1, 8; διαφέρεσϑαι ἀμφί τινος, um etwas in Streit sein, An. 4, 5, 17. Cigenthüml. in der Betheuerung (= πρός) Ap. Rh. 2, 216; pleonastisch ἀμφὶ σοὔνεκα Soph. Phil. 550. – b) mit dem dat., 1) Verweilen um einen Ort, Hom. Iliad. 11, 527 ἀμφ' ὤμοισιν ἔχει σάκος, 18, 538 εἷμα δ' ἔχ' ἀμφ' ὤμοισι δαφοινεόν, 2, 388 ἱδρώσει μέν τευ τελαμὼν ἀμφὶ στήϑεσσιν ἀσπίδος ἀμφιβρότης, 2, 544 μεμαῶτες όρεκτῇσιν μελίῃσιν ϑώρηκας ῥήξειν δηίων ἀμφὶ στήϑεσσιν, u. so öfter vonnäherer, anschließender Umgebung, von seinem cas. getrennt Iliad. 24, 163 ἀμφὶ δὲ πολλὴ κόπρος ἔην κεφαλῇ τε καὶ αὐχένι τοῖο γέροντος; viele Fälle können besser als Tmesis erscheinen, z. B. Iliad. 1, 481 Od. 2, 427 Iliad. 3, 328. 334. 5, 722. 12, 396. 4, 493. 1, 465. 2, 428 Od. 12, 365 vgl. 395; Od. 5, 371. 24, 80. 16, 145 vgl. 12, 45; keine Tmesis Iliad. 18, 231 ἔνϑα δὲ καὶ τότ' ὄλοντο δυώδεκα φῶτες ἄριστοι ἀμφὶ σφοῖς ὀχέεσσι καὶ ἔγχεσιν, sie stürzten über ihre Wagen u. Lanzen hin, vgl. Scholl. Ariston. u. Didym.; 3, 362 ἐρυσσάμενος ξίφος ἀργυρόηλον πλῆξεν ἀνασχόμενος κόρυϑος φάλον· ἀμφὶ δ' ἄρ' αὐτῷ τριχϑά τε καὶ τετραχϑὰ διατρυφὲν ἔκπεσε χειρός, vgl. Didym.; von nicht anschließender Umgebung, wie sonst ἀμφί u. περί cum accus., Iliad. 12, 175. 15, 414 ἄλλοι δ' ἀμφ' ἄλλῃσι μάχην ἐμάχοντο πύλῃσιν (νέεσσιν), 5, 466 ἦ εἰς ὅ κεν ἀμφὶ πύλῃς εὐποιητῇσι μάχωνται, 15, 587 ὅς τε κύνα κτείνας ἢ βουκόλον ἀμφὶ βόεσσιν φεύγει vgl. Scholl. Ariston., Od. 10, 518. 11, 26 ἀμφ' αὐτῷ (τῷ βό-ϑρῳ) δὲ χοὴν χεῖσϑαι (χεόμην) πᾶσιν νεκύεσσιν, 11, 423 ἤκουσα ὄπα Κασσάνδρης, τὴν κτεῖνε Κλυταιμνήστρη δολόμητις ἀμφ' ἐμοί, Iliad. 9, 470 εἰνάνυχες δέ μοι ἀμφ' αὐτῷ παρὰ νύκτας ἴαυον; – oft Pind. u. Tragg., πέπλους ῥήγνυσι ἀμφὶ σώματι Aesch. Pers. 195, ἀμφὶ σώμασι πεπτωκότες Ag. 317; ἀμφὶ παίδοιν κακά, die Kinder umgebende Uebel, Soph. O. C. 366; τοῖον πυλωρὸν φύλακα ἀμφί σοι λείψω Ai. 559; ἔπεσε ἀμφὶ τέκνοις, inmitten ihrer Kinder, Eur. Phoen. 1572; κείσει ἀμφὶ μαστοῖς ματέρος Andr. 510; ἁλίῳ ἀμφ' ἑνί, im Laufe desselben Tages, Pind. Ol. 13, 37; Hes. O. 205 πεπαρμένη ἀμφ' ὀνύχεσσι, gepackt von den Klauen, so daß sie diese umgiebt; ἀμφὶ κάρᾳ τιϑέναι, auf den Kopf setzen, Eur. Rhes. 209; ἀμφὶ κόμᾳ τιϑέναι Med. 980; ὄρνις ἀμφὶ κλάδοις ἑζομέναι Phoen. 1530. – 2) Die Ursache angebend; in Betreff, de, = ἀμφί u. περί cum gen.; zuerst örtlich: ἀμφὶ νέκυι μάχεσϑαι Iliad. 16, 565; dann schlechtweg den Grund angebend: νεῖκος ἐτύχϑη ἀμφὶ βοηλασίῃ 11, 672, δαίεται ἦτορ ἀμφ'Ὀδυσῆι Od. 1, 48; vgl. Iliad. 3, 70. 91. 157. 7, 408 (vgl. Scholl. Nicanor.). 9, 548. 12, 421. 13, 382 (vgl. Eust. 938, 50). 15, 633. 23, 88 Od. 4, 151. 153. 5, 287. 11, 546. 4, 338. 364. 22, 227; – δέδια ἀμφὶ σαῖς τύχαις Aesch. Prom. 182 vgl. Pers. 8. 164; στείνεις ἀμφ' ἐμοί Soph. El. 1180; λόγος ἀμφί τινι Soph. Ai. 296; Her. ἀμφὶ τῷ ϑανάτῳ λόγος λέγεται 3, 32, ἔριν ἔχειν ἀμφὶ μουσικῇ 6, 129, φοβηϑεὶς ἀμφὶ γυναικί 6, 62; Her. 5, 19 ἀμφὶ ἀπόδῳ τῇ ἐμῇ πείσομαί σοι, was meinen Abzug betrifft; das, Mittel, ἐμᾷ ποτανὸν ἀμφὶ μαχανᾷ, durch meine Kunst, Pind. P. 8, 34; Πέργαμος ἀμφὶ τεαῖς χερὸς ἐργασίαις ἁλίσκεται, durch deiner Hände Werk, Ol. 8, 42; die Ursache, ἀμφ' ὀδύνῃσι, vor Schmerz, Archil. frg. 1; Ap. Rh. 2, 96; Opp. C. 3, 426; ἀμφὶ ϑυμῷ Soph. frg. bei Ath. I, 17; ἀμφὶ φόβῳ Eur. Or. 825, aus Furcht. – c) mit dem accus., 1) vom Orte, um, herum, die nicht anschließende Umgebung bezeichnend, bes. bei verb. der Bewegung: ἀμφὶ Δωδώνην ἦλϑες, in die Umgegend von D., nahe an D., Aesch. Prom. 830; ἔμολον ἀμφὶ ψάμαϑον παρακτίαν Αὐλίδος Eur. Iph. A. 164; neben ἐπί Andr. 282; ϑαυμαστὸς ἐφάνη ἀμφὶ πανήγυριν, bei der Versammlung, Pind. Ol. 9, 96; – allgemeine Bestimmung der Gegend: ἀμφ' ἅλα, um's Meer her, Il. 1, 409; ἀμφὶ ῥέεϑρα, um die Ufer her, 2, 461; ἀμφί τε ἄστυ ἔρδομενἱρὰ ϑεοῖς 11, 706; – πυκιναὶ δέ μοι ἀμφ' ἀδινὸν κῆρ ὀξεῖαι μελε-δῶνες ὀδυρομένην ἐρέϑουσιν Od. 19, 516; – Eur. ἀμφὶ ἑπταστόμους πύλας ἔϑανον Suppl. 401 vgl. 673; ἀμφὶ μάχην Cycl. 5; ἀμφὶ Σικελίαν τρόπαια στήσαντες Plat. Men. 242 e; ἀμφὶ τὰ ὅρια Xen. Cyr. 2, 4, 16, wofür nachher πρὸς τοῖς ὁρίοις steht; ἀμφὶ ποταμόν 6, 2, 11; ἀμφὶ τὰ μέσα ᾠκῆ-σϑαι, um die Mitte, Pol. 1, 6; – häufig von der Umgebung einer Person; zunächst wie Iliad. 2, 417 πολέες δ' ἀμφ' αὐτὸν ἑταῖροι πρηνέεςἐν κονίῃσιν ὀδὰξ λαζοίατο γαῖαν; οἱ ἀμφ' Ἀτρείωνα βασιλῆες Il. 2, 445; οἱ ἀμφὶ Πρίαμον κτἑ., Priamos und sein Gefolge, 3, 146; vgl. 6, 436 f; – Her. οἱ ἀμφὶ Ξέρξεα 8, 25; οἱ ἀμφὶ Μεγαρέας 9, 69, wofür nachher einfach οἱ Μεγαρέες steht; οἱ ἀμφὶ τὸν Κῦρον Xen. Cyr. 1, 4, 21, Cyrus mit seinem Gefolge; aber 3, 2, 8. 4, 2, 3 die Truppen des Cyrus; οἱ ἀμφὶ τὸν πάππον ϑεραπευταί, die Dienerschaft, 1, 3, 7; ἀνὴρ τῶν ἀμφὶ Κῦρον πιστῶν An. 1, 8, 3; οἱ ἀμφὶ Θράσυλον καὶ Ἐρασίδην, die neun Feldherren, Mem. 1, 1, 18; οἱ ἀμφὶ Εὐϑύφρονα, Männer wie Euthyphron, Plat. Crat. 399 e; bes. zur Bezeichnung einer Schule, οἱ ἀμφὶὈρφέα, die Orphiker, ib. 400 c; οἱ ἀμφὶ Πρωταγόραν Theaet. 170 c Apol. 18 b. Bei Sp., wie Luc. u. Plut., ist oft die genannte Person allein zu verstehen, so jedoch, daß man mehr an den Charakter und die Eigenschaften, als an die Persönlichkeit denkt; so Luc. Tox. 21 οἱ ἀμφὶ τὸν Εὐϑύδικον, vgl. Philops. 23 Conv. 29. – Von Sachen: τὰ ἀμφὶ τὸν πόλεμον, alles was zum Kriege gehört, Xen. Cyr. 2, 1, 21; τὰ ἀμφὶ τὴν δίαιταν 8, 2, 10 u. ä. – 2) drückt es den Gegenstand auf den sich eine Thätigkeit bezieht aus, = ἀμφί u. περί eum gen.; so vielleicht Hom. κλαίειν ἀμφί τινα, über Einen weinen, Il. 18, 339; μνήσασϑαι, Einen erwähnen, H. h. 6, 1; häufiger bei Tragg., εἴρηκας ἀμφὶ κόσμον ἀψευδῆ λόγον Aesch. Suppl. 243; πολύϑρηνον βίον ἀμφί τι ἀνατλᾶσα Ag. 697; μέριμνα ἀμφὶ πόλιν Spt. 825; διέστειλα ἱκέσϑαι ἀμφὶ τοὺς παῖδας, über die Kinder zu berathen, Soph. Ant. 168; ἀμφί τι ἔχειν, εἶναι, sich mit etwas beschäftigen, vgl. Aesch. Spt. 98; öfter Xen., ἀμφὶ δεῖπνον ἔχειν, speisen, Cyr. 5, 5, 44; s. ἔχειν u. εἶναι. – 3) ungefähre Zeit- u. übh. Größen-Bestimmung: ἀμφὶ τὸν βίοτον, sein Leben lang, Pind. Ol. 1, 97; ἀμφὶ ὅλον τὸν χρόνον 2, 33, die ganze Zeit hindurch; ἀμφὶ Πλειάδων δύσιν Aesch. Ag. 800; ἀμφὶ τὸν χειμῶνα, τὸ ἔαρ, Xen. Cyr. 8, 6, 90; ἀμφὶ μέσον ἡμέρας, um Mittag, An. 4, 4, 1; ἀμφ' ἀγορὰν πλήϑουσαν oft; ἀμφὶ τὰς δυώδεκα μυριάδας, ungefähr 120, 000 Mann; ἤστην ἀμφὶ τετταράκοντα ἔτη 2, 6, 30, wo Krüger den Artikel hinzufügt, der sonst immer in dieser Verbindung sieht. S. Luc. Mort. D. 4, 1, 4. – Dem Worte, zu welchem es gehört, wird ἀμφί von Dichtern nachgestellt, s. z. B. Iliad. 16, 772. 18, 528. 24, 161 Od. 23, 46; aber es erleidet dabei nie Anastrophe des Accents, s. Scholl. Iliad. 17, 522 Epimer. Hom. Cram. Anecd. Oxon. 1, 41. 66. 336 f. Etymol. m. 94 Lehrs Quaestion. Epp. p. 71.
-
8 παρεξ...
I.παρέξ...παρέκ, παρέξ..., πάρεξIadv.1) мимо, дальше, прочь(ὠθεῖν, νηχέμεναι Hom.)
2) рядом, возле(στῆναι Hom.)
3) уклоняясь от истины, неверно(ἀγορεύειν Hom.)
4) о чем-л. другомπ. μεμνώμεθα Hom. — вспомним о другом
5) сверх того, помимоταῦτα π. δὲ μηδέν Polyb. — ничего сверх этого
6) за исключением, кромеπ. ἢ ὅσον οἱ Σκύθαι ἦρχον Her. — не считая времени господства скифов
IIπᾰρές и πάρεξ в значении praep.:1) cum gen.:(1) в стороне от, на некотором расстоянии от(ὁδοῦ, λιμένος Hom.)
(2) помимо, сверх(τοῦ ἀργύρου Her.)
2) cum acc.:(1) (вон, прочь) из(ἅλα Hom.)
(2) мимо, прочь от(π. τέν νῆσον ἐλαύνετε νῆα Hom.)
(3) рядом, возле(δοῦρα Hom.)
(4) помимо, без ведома(Ἀχιλῆα Hom.)
(5) вопреки, вразрез сπ. νόον Hom. — безрассудно
II.πάρεξ...παρέκ, παρέξ..., πάρεξIadv.1) мимо, дальше, прочь(ὠθεῖν, νηχέμεναι Hom.)
2) рядом, возле(στῆναι Hom.)
3) уклоняясь от истины, неверно(ἀγορεύειν Hom.)
4) о чем-л. другомπ. μεμνώμεθα Hom. — вспомним о другом
5) сверх того, помимоταῦτα π. δὲ μηδέν Polyb. — ничего сверх этого
6) за исключением, кромеπ. ἢ ὅσον οἱ Σκύθαι ἦρχον Her. — не считая времени господства скифов
IIπᾰρές и πάρεξ в значении praep.:1) cum gen.:(1) в стороне от, на некотором расстоянии от(ὁδοῦ, λιμένος Hom.)
(2) помимо, сверх(τοῦ ἀργύρου Her.)
2) cum acc.:(1) (вон, прочь) из(ἅλα Hom.)
(2) мимо, прочь от(π. τέν νῆσον ἐλαύνετε νῆα Hom.)
(3) рядом, возле(δοῦρα Hom.)
(4) помимо, без ведома(Ἀχιλῆα Hom.)
(5) вопреки, вразрез сπ. νόον Hom. — безрассудно
-
9 gratia
I grātia, ae f. [ gratus ]1) привлекательность, приятность, прелесть (in vultu Q; sermonis Attici Q; villae PJ); изящество (formae O; plenus jucunditatis et gratiae, sc. Horatius Q)2) благосклонность, милостьin gratiā esse C — быть в милости, пользоваться благосклонностьюgratiam alicujus sibi conciliare C — снискать себе чью-л. благосклонностьgratiam inire ab aliquo C, ad и apud aliquem L или alicujus QC — войти в милость к кому-л.sequi gratiam alicujus Cs — стараться приобрести чью-л. благосклонностьin gratiam alicujus L — из любезности к кому-л. или в чью-л. пользуfacere dicendi gratiam alicui L — дать кому-л. возможность высказатьсяgratiam ab aliquo petere Pl — просить у кого-л. милости (одолжения)3) снисхождение, прощениеgratiam alicui facere juris jurandi Pl — освободить кого-л. от клятвыde cenā facio gratiam Pl — за обед благодарю, т. е. от обеда отказываюсь4) влияние, авторитет, вес ( alicujus apud aliquem C)5) дружественная связь, взаимное согласие, дружба (esse in gratiā cum aliquō C; aliquem in gratiam recipere Cs)cum bonā gratiā Ter, C — дружелюбноin gratiam redire cum aliquo Ph, C — помириться с кем-л. или простить кому-л.restituere aliquem in bonam gratiam alicujus (или cum aliquo) Ter etc. — помирить кого-л. с кем-л.gratias agere alicui C — благодарить кого-л., выражать признательность кому-л.habere gratiam alicui C, усил. gratias agere atque habere C, Ap — питать благодарность, быть благодарным, признательнымgratiam referre (persolvere, reddere) C etc. — отблагодарить, воздать за благодеяние, отплатить услугой за услугуgratiast (= g. est) Pl, Ter — благодарю — см. gratis7) милость, благодать (g. gratis data Aug; g. caelestis Eccl)II grātiā praep. cum gen. [ из abl. от gratia I ]ради, для, из-за (hominum g. C)eā gratiā Sl — вследствие этого (того) (редко впереди genetiv'a: g. patris Lampr) -
10 εναντιον
Iτό, in crasi τοὐναντίον, тж. pl. ἐναντία τά, in crasi τἀναντία (тж. κατὰ τἀναντία Plat. и ἐκ τῶν ἐναντίων Polyb.)1) напротив, наоборот Soph., Thuc., Xen., Plat.πᾶν τοὐναντίον Plat. и πάντα τἀναντία Xen. — как раз наоборот, совсем напротив;
τὰ ἔναντία τούτων Her., Thuc. и τἀναντία τούτοις Plat. — в противоположность этому;τοὐναντίον δρῶν ἢ προσῆκ΄ αὐτῷ ποιεῖν Arph. — поступая не так, как ему следует, а как раз наоборот2) в лицо, лицом к лицу(προσβλέπειν τινά Eur.)
τὸν ἐναντίον ὧδε κάλεσσον Hom. — позови его сюда;ἐ. παντὸς τοῦ λαοῦ NT. — перед лицом всего народаII(1) в лицо(βλέπειν ἐ. τινός Eur.)
(2) навстречу(ἰέναι Hom. и ἐλθεῖν ἐ. τινός Pind.)
(3) перед лицом, в присутствии(ἐ. ἁπάντων Thuc.; ἐ. τῶνδε Soph.)
(μάχεσθαι ἐ. τινός, νεικεῖν ἐ. ἀλλήλοισιν Hom.)
τό1) противоположность(ἥ τῶν ἐναντίων ἐπιστήμη Arst.)
2) враждебная партия Xen. -
11 κατα
I.I(τᾰ) praep. cum gen. или acc. (перед начальной придыхат. гласной - καθ΄; перед γ, κ, μ, ν, π, φ, ῥ, τ и θ иногда, особ. в древнем эпосе, переходит в κάγ, κάκ, κάμ, κάν, κάπ, κάρ, κάτ; при перестановке - анастрофа: Ἀτρειδῶν κάτα Soph.)1) cum gen.(1) (сверху) вниз, с(κατ΄ Ἰδαίων ὀρέων Hom.)
καθ΄ ἵππων ἀΐξαντες Hom. — соскочив с колесниц;ἁλλόμενοι κ. τῆς πέτρας Xen. — спрыгнув со скалы(2) вниз на, в(αἰχμέ κ. γαίης ᾤχετο Hom.)
κ. χθονὸς ὄμματα πήξας Hom. — потупив очи в землю;κ. στόματος χέειν νέκταρ Theocr. — лить нектар в рот;μύρον κ. τῆς κεφαλῆς καταχεῖν Plat. — лить мирру на голову;κ. τοῦ πυρός σπένδειν Plat. — брызгать в огонь(3) на протяжении, по(κ. τῆς χώρας Polyb.)
οἱ πολέμιοι ἦκαν ἑαυτοὺς κ. τῆς χιόνος εἰς τέν νάπην Xen. — противники бросились по снегу в долину(4) в, под(καταδεδυκέναι или ἀφανίζεσθαι κ. τῆς θαλάσσης Her.; κ. γῆς γενέσθαι Xen.)
οἱ κ. χθονὸς θεοί Aesch. — подземные боги;ὅ κ. γῆς Xen. — погребенный, т.е. покойный;κ. νώτου τινός Her. — за спиной, позади, сзади;κ. προσώπου Thuc. — спереди;βαίνειν κ. ἀντιθύρων Soph. — выйти в сени(5) против, наψεύδεσθαι κ. τινος Lys. — клеветать на кого-л.;
κ. ἑαυτοῦ ἐρεῖν Plat. — говорить против, т.е. обвинять самого себя;ψῆφος κ. τινος Aesch., Eur.; — приговор в осуждение кого-л.;καθ΄ αὑτοῖν λόγχας στήσαντε Soph. — направив друг в друга (свои) копья;(λόγος) κ. Ἀλκιβιάδου Lys. — (обвинительная) речь против Алкивиада(6) за, в пользу(οἱ κ. τοῦ Δημοσθένους ἔπαινοι Aeschin.)
ὃ καὴ μέγιστόν ἐστι καθ΄ ὑμῶν ἐγκώμιον Dem. — это величайшая похвала, какую можно высказать в вашу пользу(7) в отношении, касательно, по поводу, насчет(κ. Περσῶν λέγειν τι Xen.)
σκοπεῖν τι κατ΄ ἀνθρώπων Plat. — рассматривать что-л. по отношению к людям;καθ΄ ἱερῶν ὀμνύναι Arph. — клясться священной жертвой;ὀμεῖσθαι κ. τῶν παίδων Dem. — поклясться (своими) детьми;εὐχέν ποιήσασθαι κ. χιλίων χιμάρων Arph. — дать обет насчет тысячи коз, т.е. принести в жертву тысячу коз;καθ΄ ὅλου Arst. — в целом;κ. παντός Arst. — в общем, вообще(8) в продолжение, в течение(κ. παντὸς τοῦ χρόνου Dem.)
2) cum acc.(1) в, на, поκ. πτόλιν Hom. — в городе;
κ. ῥόον Her. — вниз по течению;κ. τὸν Ἰλισσόν Plat. — вниз по (реке) Илиссу;κ. κρατερὰς ὑσμίνας Hom. — в тяжелых битвах;κ. ῥωπήϊα πυκνά Hom. — в густом кустарнике;ἥ κ. οἴκους Soph. — та, которая (находится) в доме;οἱ κ. τὸν Ἀρκαδικὸν πελτασταί Xen. — аркадские пельтасты;οἱ κατ΄ οἶκον Soph. — живущие в доме, домашние, домочадцы;κ. θυμόν или κ. φρένα Hom. — в душе, в уме;κ. πᾶσαν τέν γῆν Her. — по всей земле;κ. τὸν οὐρανόν Plat. — по небу;κατ΄ ἀγρίαν ὕλην ἀλωμένη Soph. — блуждающая по дикому лесу;κ. στῆθος βάλλειν Hom. — поразить в грудь;ὁρμᾶν κ. τινα Xen. — устремляться на кого-л.;κ. τοῦτο τὸ χωρίον γίνεσθαι Her. — прибыть в это место;ἐπεὰν κ. τοῦτο γένωμαι τοῦ λόγου Her. — когда я дойду до этого вопроса;κ. τὠυτὸ γενόμενοι Her. — сойдясь в этом вопросе, т.е. единогласно;λέγειν κ. τινα Xen. — говорить (обращаясь к) кому-л.;κ. πάντα τὰ μέλη Plat. — по всем членам, по всему телу;κ. τὰς πύλας Xen. — у ворот;κ. γῆν καὴ κ. θάλατταν Xen. — с земли и с моря;κ. βορέαν ἑστηκώς Thuc. — находящийся на севере, северный;κ. ταύτην τέν ὁδόν Soph. — по этой дороге;κ. ἴχνος Aesch. — по следу, следом;κ. στίβον Her. и κ. πόδας Thuc. — по пятам, неотступно;κ. οὖρον Soph. — с попутным ветром;παρελθεῖν κ. τινα Her. — пройти мимо кого-л.(2) (на)против, уκατ΄ ὄμματά τινι Soph. — на глазах у кого-л.;
κ. Σινώπην πόλιν Her. — у или близ города Синопа;κ. Λακεδαιμονίους Her. — лицом к лицу с лакедемонянами(3) около, приблизительно(κ. πεντήκοντα Her.)
; κατ΄ οὐδέν Her. почти ничего(4) во время, в течение, в продолжениеκ. Ἄμασιν βασιλεύοντα Her. — в царствование Амасиса;
κ. τὸν πόλεμον Her. — во время войны;κατ΄ ἦμαρ καὴ κατ΄ εὐφρόνην ἀεί Soph. — ежедневно и еженощно;καθ΄ ἡμέραν Aesch. — ежедневно;ὅ καθ΄ ἡμέραν Soph., Dem.; — ежедневный, повседневный;μίαν καθ΄ ἡμέραν Soph. — в один день;κ. φῶς Xen. — при (дневном) свете, засветло;οἱ καθ΄ ἑαυτούς Xen. и οἱ κατ΄ ἐκείνους Dem. — их современники;οἱ καθ΄ αὑτοὺς Ἕλληνες Thuc. — (лучшие) греки своей эпохи(5) ( разделительно) по(κρίνειν ἄνδρας κ. φῦλα, κ. φρήτρας Hom.; κ. κώμας κατῳκῆσθαι Her.)
καθ΄ ἑπτά Arph. — по семи;κατ΄ ὀλίγας (sc. ναῦς) Thuc. — по небольшому количеству кораблей;κατ΄ ἄνδρα αἰχμάλωτον Her. — за каждого пленника;καθ΄ ἑαυτόν Xen. — (каждый) сам по себе, поодиночке;(στρατιὰ) κ. ἕνδεκα μέρη κεκοσμημένη Plat. — войско, разделенное на одиннадцать частей;κ. μέρος μερισθέντες Xen. — разделившись на части;κ. σμικρὸν ἀποκρίνεσθαι Plat. — отвечать на отдельные мелкие вопросы;κ. εἴδη διαιρεῖσθαι Plat. — различать по видам;κατ΄ ἕνα μαχεόμενοι Her. — сражаясь один на один;κατ΄ ἔπος βασανίζειν τὰς τραγῳδίας Arph. — разбирать трагедии слово за словом(6) ( обособительно)κ. σφέας μαχέσονται Hom. — каждый (из ахеян) будет сражаться за себя;
μόνος καθ΄ αὑτόν Soph. — только о себе;λέγων κ. σαυτόν Plat. — говоря сам, т.е. вместо собеседника;αὐτὸ καθ΄ αὑτὸ ἕκαστον Plat. — каждый элемент в отдельности;(7) ( цель) для, ради, из-заκ. πρῆξιν Hom. — ради дела, по делам;
κ. ληΐην Her. — ради добычи, т.е. для набегов;βήμεναι κ. δαῖτα Hom. — идти на пир;κ. βίου καὴ γῆς ζήτησιν Her. — в поисках пропитания и местожительства;κ. ζήτησίν τινα πέμπειν Soph. — послать кого-л. на поиски;ἦλθες κ. τί ; Arph. — зачем ты пришел?(8) ( причинность) из-за, вследствиеκ. φθόνον τινός Aesch. — из зависти к кому-л.;
κ. τήν τούτου προθυμίην Her. — по его воле;κατ΄ αὐτὸ τοῦτο Plat. — по этой самой причине;ἥ καθ΄ Ἡρόδοτον ἱστορία Diod. — история Геродота;τὸ κ. Ματθαῖον εὐαγγέλιον NT. — евангелие от Матфея(9) (образ, способ) по, согласноοὔτι καθ΄ ἡμέτερον νόον Hom. — не в соответствии с нашим мнением;
κ. μοῖραν, κ. κόσμον или κατ΄ αἶσαν Hom. — как следует, как полагается;κ. τὸν θεόν Plat. — по указанию (воле) божества;κ. νόμον Xen. — согласно обычаю;κ. τοὺς νόμους ζῆν Plat. — жить сообразно с законами;κ. τὰ συγκείμενα Xen. — согласно уговору;κ. τὰ ἤκουον Her. — как я слышал;κατ΄ ἀγχιστεῖα Soph. — по праву (на основании) близкого родства;κ. τέν μητέρα Thuc. — по материнской линии;κ. πάντα τρόπον Xen. — всеми способами;τὸ καθ΄ ἡλικίαν Arst. — соответствующее возрасту;μείζω ἢ κ. δάκρυα πεπονθότες ἤδη Thuc. — больше, чем можно было (бы) оплакать слезами;κατ΄ ἰσχύν Aesch. — сильно;κατ΄ ὀρθόν Soph. — прямо, правильно;κατ΄ ὀργήν Soph. — гневно;καθ΄ ὁρμήν Soph. — ревностно, усердно;καθ΄ ἡσυχίην Her. — спокойно(10) по словам, по мнениюκαθ΄ Ὅμηρον — по Гомеру, как говорит Гомер;
κ. τὸν Θουκυδίδην Plut. — по словам Фукидида(11) как, словноκ. λοπὸν κρομύοιο Hom. — словно луковичная кожура;
μέγεθος κ. συκέην Her. — величиною со смокву;ὁμολογῶ οὐ κ. τούτους εἶναι ῥήτωρ Plat. — соглашаюсь, что оратор я не такой, как они(12) по отношению к, касательноκ. τέν Ἀμφιάρεω ἀπόκρισιν Her. — что касается ответа Амфиарая;
καθ΄ ὅσον Plat. — поскольку;καθ΄ ὅ ἡδέα ἐστίν, ἆρα κ. τοῦτο οὐκ ἀγαθά Plat. — (существуют вещи, которые), поскольку они приятны, постольку именно и нехороши;τὸ κ. τοῦτον εἶναι Xen. — что касается его;τὸ κατ΄ ἄνθρωπον Plat. и τὰ κατ΄ ἀνθρώπους Aesch. — дела человеческие, человеческое;τὰ κ. τέν πόλιν Arst. — государственные вопросы, государственные дела;τὰ καθ΄ ἡμᾶς Xen. — наши делаIIadv.1) внизκ. δάκρυ χέουσα Hom. — роняющая слезы
2) полностью, целикомκ. ἔφαγε Hom. — (целиком) съел (обычно, однако, adv. κατά толкуется как приставка in tmesi)
ион. = καθά См. καθα, т.е. καθ΄ ἅII.in crasi = καὴ εἶτα -
12 αμφι
I(ῐ) adv.1) кругом, вокруг; отовсюду, с обеих или со всех сторонἀ. περί Hom. досл. — всюду кругом, т.е. куда ни глянь
2) отдельно, самостоятельноἀ. δὲ κἀγὼ τιμῆς ἐπιβήσομαι HH. — добьюсь и для себя чести
II(1) около, возле, близ(τῆς πόλιος Her.)
(2) вокруг(ὅ ἀ. Λίμνας τρόχος Eur.)
(3) внутри, междуἀ. πέπλων Eur. — из-под одежд
(4) ради, из-за(ἀ. τινος μάχεσθαι Hom.)
(5) относительно, по поводу, о(ἀ. τινος ἀείδειν Hom.)
ἀ. κρίσιος τοσαῦτα ἐγένετο Her. — что до суждения, то вот что произошло, т.е. таким оказался выбор(1) около, вокругἀ. κάρα θέσθαί τι Eur. — надеть что-л. на голову;κρέα ἀ. ὀβελοῖς Hom. — мясо на вертелах;πεπαρμένος ἀ. ὀνύχεσσι Hes. — пронзенный когтями;λείπειν τινὰ φύλακα ἀ. τινι Soph. — оставлять кого-л. для охраны кого(чего)-л.;τὰ ἀ. τινι κακά Soph. — постигшие кого-л. несчастия(2) возле, подле, у(πύλῃσι Hom.)
(3) между, на(δρυὸς ἀ. κλάδοις Eur.)
(4) относительно, по поводуἀ. τινι λόγος Her. — рассказ о чем-л.;
ἔρις ἀ. τινι Her. — состязание в чем-л.(5) из-за, ради(ἀ. τινι μάχεσθαι Hom.; πόλεμος ἀ. τινι Luc.)
(6) из-за, по причинеστείνειν ἀ. τινι Soph. — рыдать из-за кого-л., т.е. оплакивать чью-л. судьбу;
ἀ. τεαῖς χερὸς ἐργασίαις Pind. — из-за твоих рук, т.е. из-за тебя;ἀ. φόβῳ Eur. — из страха;φοβηθεὴς ἀ. τινος Her. — испугавшись за кого-л.;ἐμᾷ ἀ. μαχανᾷ Pind. — благодаря моему искусству(1) (преимущ. на вопрос «куда?») около, вокругἀ. τινα χλαῖναν βαλεῖν Hom. — надеть на кого-л. хитон;
ἀ. περὴ κρήνην Hom. — вокруг источника;ἀ. τὰ ὅρια τῆς χώρας Xen. — у границ страны;οἱ ἀ. τὸν Θαλῆν Plat. (Ἴωνα Luc.) — люди вроде Фалеса (Иона);οἱ ἀ. τινα Hom., Her., Xen., Plat., Luc.; — сопровождающие или окружающие кого-л., т.е. его спутники, свита, войско или последователи, ученики;τὰ ἀ. τι Thuc., Xen.; — связанные с чем-л. дела, приготовления к чему-л.(2) (по направлению) к, вἀ. ἅλα Hom. — к морю;
ἀ. ἄστυ Hom. — по (всему) городу, в городе;ἀ. νεανίαν τ΄ αὐλάν Eur. — к юноше (жившему) в хижине(3) около, приблизительно(ἀ. τοῦτον τὸν χρόνον Xen.; ἀ. τὰ ἑβδομήκοντα Luc.)
(4) в течение(ἀ. τὸν βίοτον Pind.)
(5) по поводу, относительноκλαίειν ἀ. τινα Hom. — плакать по ком-л.;
μέριμνα ἀ. τι Aesch. — тревога по поводу чего-л. -
13 ανα
I.I(ᾰᾰ), эп. тж. ἀν adv.1) наверху, сверху(μέλανες ἀ. βότρυες ἦσαν Hom.)
2) вверхἀν δ΄ Ὀδυσεὺς ἀνίστατο Hom. — Одиссей поднялся
IIэп. тж. ἀν(ἀ. νηὸς βαίνειν Hom.)
(ἥκειν ἀ. ναυσί Eur.)
ἀ. ἡμιόνοις Pind. — на запряженной мулами колеснице(1) наверху, на(Κενταύρων ἀ. ὄρος Eur.)
τίν΄ ἀ. χἐρα ἔβα ; Eur. — кто принес его?(2) вверх на(ἀναβαινειν ἀ. ὀρσοθύρην Hom.)
(3) вверх по(ἀ. ποταμὸν πλεῖν Her.)
(4) в глубине, вἀ. δῶμα Διός Hom. — во дворце Зевса;
ἀ. θυμόν Hom. — в душе, мысленно;ἀ. στόμα ἔχειν τινά Hom. — без умолку говорить о ком-л.(5) на (всем) протяжении; по; через, сквозь; вἀ. δῆμον πτωχεύειν Hom. — ходить по миру, побираться;
ἀ. πᾶσαν τέν γῆν Xen. — по всей земле;ἀ. τέν Ἑλλάδα Her. — во (всей) Греции;ἀ. τὸ σκοτεινόν Thuc. — в темноте(6) между, среди, в числе(ἀ. πρώτους εἶναι Her.)
(7) в продолжение, в течение(ἀ. νύκτα Hom.; ἀ. τὸν πόλεμον Her.)
ἀ. χρόνον Her. — затем, впоследствии, со временем(8) в знач. приставки еже-, каждый(ἀ. πᾶσαν ἡμέρην Her.; ἀ. πᾶν ἔτος Her. или ἀ. ἕκαστον ἔτος Plat.)
(9) распределительно поἀ. πέντε παρασάγγας τῆς ἡμέρας Xen. — по пяти парасангов в день;
εἴκοσιν ἀ. Arph. — по двадцати;ἀ. μέρος Arst. — по частям(10) по, сообразноἀ. κράτος Xen. — в меру силы, т.е. изо всех сил;
ἀ. λόγον Plat. — соответственно, относительно(11) редко приблизительно, около(ἀ. διηκόσια στάδια Her.)
II.I1) (= ἀμάστγηι) встань, поднимись Hom., Soph.2) (= ἀνάστητε) встаньте Aesch.II -
14 επι
I.I(перед гласн. - ἐπ΄, перед придых. - ἐφ΄; in crasi: κἀπί, κἀπ΄ - ион. κἠπί = καὴ ἐπί; οὑπί = ὅ ἐπί; τοὐπί = τὸ ἐπί; τἀπί = τὰ ἐπί; анастроф. ἔπι)(1) (на вопрос «где?»)- на(στῆναι ἐπι πύργου Hom.; ἐφ΄ ἵππων καὴ ἐπὴ νεῶν βαίνειν Aesch.; ἐπὴ γῆς καὴ ὑπὸ γῆς Plat.)
ἐπὴ τῶν πλευρῶν Xen. — на флангах;ἐπὴ προσπόλου μιᾶς χωρεῖν Soph. — идти в сопровождении единственной помощницы;ἐπὴ τελευτῆς Arst. — в конце- у, при, близ, подле(κόλπος ὅ ἐπὴ Ποσιδηΐου Her.; μεῖναι ἐπὴ τοῦ ποταμοῦ Xen.)
αἱ ἐπὴ Λήμνου ἐπικείμεναι νῆσοι Her. — острова, лежащие близ Лемноса- в(ἐπὴ τοῦ προαστείου Thuc.; ἐπὴ τῶν ἐργαστηρίων καθίζοντες Isocr.; καταλῦσαι τὸν βίον ἐπὴ τῆς πατρίδος Luc.)
οἱ ἐπὴ Θρᾴκης Thuc. — находящиеся во Фракии;οἱ ἐπὴ τῆς Ἀσίας κατοικοῦντες Isocr. — жители Азии;ἐπὴ τῆς οἰκίας Polyb. — дома(2) (на вопрос «куда?») на(ἐπὴ τῆς γῆς καταπίπτειν Xen.)
— в, к, по направлению (ἐπὴ τοῦ κόλπου πλεῦσαι Thuc.; ἥ ἐπὴ Βαβυλῶνος ὁδός Xen.):ἐπὴ τῆς εὐθείας κινεῖσθαι Arst. — двигаться по прямой (линии);ἀναχωρεῖν ἐπ΄ οἴκου Thuc. — вернуться домой;ἐπί στρατοπέδου ἐλθεῖν Xen. — прийти в лагерь;ἐπὴ γνώμης τινός γενέσθαι Dem. — присоединиться к чьему-л. мнению(3) в присутствии, перед (лицом)(ἐπὴ μαρτύρων Isae., Xen.; ἐπὴ τοῦ δικαστηρίοιυ Isocr., Arst.)
ἐπ΄ ἐκκλησίας Thuc. — в народном собрании(4) (при числах, мерах и т.п.) поἐφ΄ ἑνός Xen. — по одному, поодиночке;
τὸ μέτωπον ἐπὴ τριακοσίων, τὸ δὲ βάθος ἐφ΄ ἑκατόν Xen. — по триста (человек) по фронту и по сто в глубину;ἐπὴ ὀκτὼ πλίνθων τὸ εὖρος Xen. — по восемь кирпичей в ширину(5) во время, в, при(ἐπὴ Κρόνου Hes., Plat.; ἐπὴ τῶν ἡμετέρων προγόνων Xen.; ἐπὴ δείπνου Luc.; ἐπὴ τῶν δείπνων Diod. и ἐπὴ τῆς τραπέζης Plut.)
ἐπὴ τῶν πράξεων Xen. — при наличии дела, когда нужно действовать;ἐπὴ τῆς ἐμῆς ζόης Her. — при моей жизни, пока я жив;ἐπ΄ ἐμεῦ Her., ἐπ΄ ἐμοῦ Dem. — в мое время;οἱ ἐφ΄ ἡμῶν Xen. — наши современники;ἐπὴ σχολῆς Aeschin. — в свободное время, на досуге;ἐπὴ τοῦ παρόντος Arst. — в настоящий момент, пока;ἐπὴ καιροῦ Dem. и ἐπὴ τῶν καιρῶν Aeschin. — вовремя, кстати:ἐπὴ μιᾶς ἡμέρας Luc. — в один (и тот же) день;ταύτας (τὰς πόλιας) ἐπ΄ ἡμέρης ἑκάστης αἵρεε Her. — (Даврис) брал эти города по одному в день(6) по поводу, насчет, относительно, о(ἐπί τινος λέγειν Plat., Arst.; ἐπί τινος σκοπεῖν Xen.; ἐπὴ πάντων ὀργίζεσθαι Dem.)
κρίνειν τι ἐπί τινος Dem. — высказывать какое-л. суждение о чем-л.(7) в соответствии с (чем-л.), на основании, по(8) (выраж. отношение, зависимость, причастность, должность и т.п.; в переводе часто опускается)ἐπὴ νόσου ἔχεσθαι Soph. — быть пораженным болезнью;
ἐπὴ τῆς φιλότητος Arst. — под влиянием любви;(αὐτὸς) ἐφ΄ ἑαυτοῦ Her., Thuc., Xen., Plat.; — сам по себе, тж. отдельно, самостоятельно;ἐπὴ ὀνόματός τινος εἶναι Dem. — носить какое-л. имя;ἥ ἐπ΄ Ἀνταλκίδου εἰρήνη Xen. — Анталкидов мир;τὸ ἐφ΄ ἑαυτῶν Thuc. — их собственные дела, их личные интересы;μένειν ἐπὴ τῆς ἀρχῆς Xen. — оставаться у власти;οἱ ἐπὴ τῶν πραγμάτων (ὄντες) Dem. — государственные деятели;ὅ ἐπὴ τῶν δεσμῶν Luc. — тюремщик;ὅ ἐπὴ τῶν ὁπλιτῶν Dem. — начальник гоплитов;ὅ ἐπὴ τῶν ἐπιστολῶν Plut. — писец, секретарь;ὅ ἐπὴ τοῦ οἴνου Plut. — виночерпий;οἱ ἐπ΄ ἀξίας Luc. — высокопоставленные лица(9) (преимущ. в нареч. оборотах) в, приἐπὴ πάντων Dem. — во всех случаях, при всех обстоятельствах;
ἐπὴ ἡσυχίας τινός Dem. — при (ввиду) чьей-л. беспечности;ἐπ΄ ἀδείας Plut. — в условиях безопасности;ἐπὴ σπουδῆς Plat. — прилежно, усердно;ἐπὴ ῥοπῆς μιᾶς εἶναι Thuc. — быть на волосок от гибели;ἐπ΄ αὐτῆς τῆς ἀληθείας Dem. — как оно действительно и есть (было), со всей истинностью;ἐπὴ κεφαλαίων Dem. — в общих чертах;ἔσται ὅ λόγος ἐπὴ παραδείγματος Aeschin. — скажем к примеру;ἐπ΄ ὅρκου Her. — клятвенно;ἐπ΄ ἴσας Soph. — равным образом, точно так же;οὐδ΄ ἐπὴ σμικρῶν λόγων Soph. — ни одним словечком, т.е. нисколько, никак(10) (по)среди, в числеοὐδεὴς ἐπ΄ ἀνθρώπων Soph. — никто из людей
(1) (на вопрос «где?») на(ἐπὴ πᾶσιν βωμοῖς καίειν τι Hom.; ζωέμεν ἐπὴ χθονί Hes.; ἐπὴ τῇ πυρᾷ κεῖσθαι Plat.)
ἐπὴ ταῖς οἰκίαις ἐπεῖναι Xen. — находиться на домах;ἐφ΄ ἵππῳ Xen. — на коне (верхом);ἐπὴ τῷ εὐωνύμῳ (sc. κέρᾳ) Xen. — на левом фланге:ἐπ΄ ἀμφοτέροις Arst. — с обеих сторон;— внутри, в (ἐπὴ δώμασιν ἕλκειν μακρόπονον ζωάν Eur.; ἐπὴ ταῖς οἰκίαισι τὰς δίκας δικάζειν Arph.);— при, у, возле (ἐπὴ Κελάδοντι μάχεσθαι Hom.; ἐπὴ θαλάττῃ οἰκεῖν Xen.):ἐπὴ δόξῃ κτίσαι τινά Plut. — прославить кого-л.(2) (на вопрос «куда?») на(ἐπὴ γαίῃ καταθέσθαι Hom.: ἐπὴ γᾷ πίπτειν Soph.)
— в, к, по направлению (βλέπειν ἐπί τινι Soph.):καταδεῖν ἵππους ἐπὴ κάπῃσιν Hom. — привязать лошадей к яслям;ἐπὴ οἷ καλέσας Hom. — подозвав к себе(3) в присутствии, перед(4) против(ἐπ΄ ἐχθροῖς χεῖρα τρέπειν Soph.; ἐπί τινι μηχανήν τινα ἱστάναι Eur.; τινὰ ἐπί τινι συνιστάναι Her.)
ἐφ΄ Ἕκτορι ἀκοντίζειν Hom. — метать в Гектора копья(5) (вслед) за(τῷ δ΄ ἐπὴ ὦρτο Διομήδης Hom.)
ἐπ΄ ἐξειργασμένοις Aesch., Her.; — после того, как дело свершилось;ἐπὴ τούτῳ ἀνέστη Προκλῆς καὴ εἶπεν Xen. — после него встал Прокл и сказал(6) кроме, помимо, сверх(ἐπὴ τούτῳ, ἐπὴ τῷδε и ἐπὴ τούτοις Her., Eur., Xen., Arst.)
τὰ λοιπὰ τὰ ἐπὴ τούτοισι Her. — то, что после этого осталось;τρισχίλιοι ἐπὴ μυρίοις Plut. — три тысячи сверх десяти тысяч, т.е. тринадцать тысяч;μεῖζον ἐπὴ κέρδεϊ κέρδος Hes. — огромная прибыль;φόνος ἐπὴ φόνῳ Eur. — непрерывный ряд убийств(7) за, позадиοἱ ἐπὴ πᾶσιν Xen. — следующие за всеми, т.е. арьергард:
(8) в честь, в память(ἐπί τινι λέγειν, sc. ἔπαινον Thuc., Lys., Plat.)
ὅ λίθινος λέων ἕστηκεν ἐπὴ Λεωνίδῃ Her. — каменное изваяние льва воздвигнуто в честь Леонида(9) (выраж. принадлежность или зависимость; в переводе обычно опускается)τἀπὴ σοὴ κακά Soph. — твои несчастья;
ἐπί τινι τήν ἀρχέν ποιεῖσθαι Plut. — передать кому-л. (свою) власть, т.е. назначить кого-л. своим преемником;καταλείπειν τι ἐπί τινι Arst. — предоставить что-л. на чьё-л. усмотрение;ἐπί τινι εἶναι Xen., Plat.; — быть в чьей-л. власти, находиться в чьём-л. распоряжении:ἐπὴ τῷ πλήθει κράτος, sc. ἐστίν Soph. — власть принадлежит народу;τὰ πάντα τότ΄ ἦν ἐπὴ τοῖς τότ΄ ἔθεσι Dem. — все было тогда обусловлено тогдашними нравами;τὸ ἐπὴ τούτοις εἶναι Lys. — насколько это от них зависит(10) (об управлении, начальствовании или владении) во главеἐπὴ τοσούτῳ στρατεύματι Thuc. — во главе столь большого войска;
ναύαρχος ἐπὴ ταῖς ναυσίν Xen. — флотоводец;ὅ ἐπὴ τοῖς καμήλοις Xen. — погонщик верблюдов;ἀπολιπεῖν τινα κληρονόμον ἐπὴ πολλοῖς κτήμασιν Plut. — оставить кого-л. наследником больших богатств(11) во время, в течение(ἐφ΄ ἡμέρῃ ἠδ΄ ἐπὴ νυκτί Hes.)
ἐπ΄ ἤματι Hom. — днем, но тж. в течение (одного) дня;ἐπὴ τῷ δείπνῳ ( или σίτῳ) Xen. — за трапезой;ἥλιος ἧν ἐπὴ δυσμαῖς — солнце клонилось к закату;ἐπὴ (τῇ) τελευτῇ Arst. — в конце;ἐπὴ κυνί Arst. — во время каникул, т.е. в самое знойное время года(12) сообразно, согласно, соответственно(ἐπὴ τοῖς νόμοις Dem.; καλεῖσθαι Ῥώμην ἐπὴ Ῥωμύλῳ τέν πόλιν Plut.)
κεκλῆσθαι ἐπί τινι Plat. — быть названным по имени чего-л.;ἐπὴ πᾶσι οικαίοις Aeschin., Dem.; — по всей справедливости(13) вследствие, по поводу, из-за(ἐπί τινι μάλα πολλὰ παθεῖν Hom., γελᾶν ἐπί τινι Aesch.)
ἐπ΄ εὐνοία τῆς πόλεως Lys. — из любви к отечеству;ἐφ΄ αἵματι φεύγειν Dem. — подвергнуться изгнанию за убийство(14) с целью, ради, дляἐφ΄ οἶς ἐλήλυθας Soph. — (то), ради чего ты прибыл;
ὀδόντες ἐπὴ τῷ διαιρεῖν Arst. — зубы для разрезания (пищи), т.е. резцы;ἐπὴ θανάτῳ συλλαβεῖν Isocr., Diod., Luc.; — схватить и предать смерти;ἐπὴ σωτηρίᾳ κοινῇ Plut. — для общего блага;ἐπ΄ ὠφελείᾳ τῶν φίλων Plat. — на пользу друзьям;ἐπ΄ ἀγαθῷ τινος Xen. — для чьего-л. блага(15) в отношении, что касается (до)ἐπὴ ἐπῶν ποιήσει Ὅμηρον μάλιστα τεθαύμακα Xen. — в области эпической поэзии я больше всего восторгаюсь Гомером
(16) (в мат. и проч. обозначениях)τὸ ἐφ΄ ᾦ — В Arst. ( нечто), обозначаемое буквой В
(17) против(ἥ ἐπὴ τῷ Μήδῳ συμμαχίᾳ Thuc.; νόμους ἐπὴ τοῖς ἀδικοῦσι ἀναγράψαι Dem.)
(18) ( об условии) на, заἐπ΄ ἀργύρῳ Soph., ἐπ΄ ἀργυρίῳ Dem., Arst. и ἐπὴ χρήμασιν Dem. — за деньги;
ἐπὴ κέρδεσι Soph. и ἐπὴ κέρδει Xen. — из-за выгоды;ἐπ΄ οὐδενί Her. — ни за что;ἐπὴ μεγάλοις τόκοις Dem. — за высокий процент;δανείζειν ἐπὴ νηΐ Dem. — давать ссуду под залог корабля;ἐπὴ τοῖς εἰρημένοις Eur. и ἐπὴ ῥητοῖς Thuc. — на (заранее) установленных условиях;ἐπὴ τῇ ἴσῃ καὴ ὁμοίᾳ Thuc. — на равных и одинаковых условиях(1) (на вопрос «где?») наἐπὴ πολύ Thuc., Xen.; — на далеком расстоянии;
ἐπ΄ ἀμφότερα Her., Arst.; — по обе стороны, с обеих сторон, в обоих направлениях;— у, при, в (ἐπὴ τὰς εἰσόδους στῆναι Xen.)(2) (на вопрос «куда?») наἡ ἀχθεῖσα ἐπὴ τέν βάσιν (sc. γραμμή) Arst. — опущенная на основание (прямая) линия, т.е. перпендикуляр;
— в, (по направлению) к (ἐπὴ βωμὸν ἄγειν Hom.; ἐπὴ συμφορέν ἐμπίπτειν Her.; ἐπὴ τέν περιφέρειαν φέρεσθαι Arst.; ἥ ὁδὸς ἐπὴ Ἐκβάτανα φέρει Xen.):ἐπὴ τέρμα ἀφίκετο Hom. — от достиг цели;ἐπὴ τὸ αὐτὸ αἱ γνῶμαι ἔφερον Thuc. — мнения сошлись(3) на протяжении, через, поπουλὺν ἐφ΄ ὑγρήν Hom. — по широко раскинувшемуся морю;
ἐπὴ πολλὰ ἀλήθην Hom. — я обошел много стран;ἐπὴ εἴκοσι σταδίους Xen. — на расстоянии двадцати стадиев(4) среди, между(κλέος πάντας ἐπ΄ ἀνθρώπους Hom.)
τὸ κάλλιστον γένος ἐπ΄ ἀνθρώπους Plat. — красивейшее из человеческих племен(5) против(πέμπειν στρατηγὸν ἐπί τινα Her.; ἰέναι ἐπὴ τοὺς πολεμίους Xen.)
ταῦτ΄ ἐφ΄ ὑμᾶς ἐστιν Dem. — это направлено против вас(6) во время, в течениеἐπὴ χρόνον Hom., Her. и ἐπὴ χρόνον τινά Plat. — в течение некоторого времени;
ἐπὴ δύο ἡμέρας Thuc. — в течение двух дней;ἐπὴ βραχύ Arst. — вскоре и вкратце(7) (вплоть) до(ἐπ΄ ἠῶ Hom.)
ἐπὴ γῆρας ἱκέσθαι Hom. — дожить до старости(8) сообразно, согласноἐπὴ στάθμην ἰθύνειν Hom. — выравнивать по (натянутому) шнуру;
ἐπὴ τοῦτον τὸν λόγον Lys. — на основании этих слов(9) ( разделительно) поἐπὴ πέντε καὴ εἴκοσιν Thuc. — по двадцати пяти;
ἐπὴ μίαν ναῦν Polyb. — по одному кораблю в ряд, т.е. в кильватерной колонне(10) ( при указании промежутка времени) на(ἐπὴ δέκα ἔτη Thuc.)
ὅσον ἐπ΄ ἀνθρώπων γενεάν Xen. — сколько хватило бы на (всю) человеческую жизнь;ἐπ΄ ἡμέρην ἔχειν Her. — иметь дневное пропитание(11) ( при указании числа или меры) в пределах, около, до(ἐπὴ διηκόσια Her.)
μέ ὅλος ψευδής, ἀλλ΄ ἐπί τι Arst. — ложный не вполне, а частично(12) что касается (до), в отношении(τοὐπὴ τήνδε τέν κόρην Soph.)
ἵπποι ἐπὴ νῶτον ἔϊσαι Hom. — кобылицы, равные по хребту, т.е. одинакового роста(13) с целью, дляἥκειν ἐπὴ πρᾶγος πικρόν Aesch. — прийти по печальному делу;ἐπὴ τὸ βοηθεῖν τινι Arst. — для оказания помощи кому-л.;χρήσιμος ἐπὴ οὐδέν Dem. — ни на что не годный(14) ( в наречных выражениях)ἐπὴ πᾶν Thuc., Arst. и ἐπὴ πάντα Plat. — в общем, в целом, вообще;
ἐπὴ βάθος Thuc. — в глубину;ἐπὴ διπλάσιον Xen. — вдвое;ἐπὴ πλέον καὴ μᾶλλον ἢ ἐπ΄ ἔλαττον καί ἧττον Plat. — в большей или в меньшей степени;ἐπὴ ἶσα Hom. — поровну, ( о борьбе) без чьего-л. перевеса;ἐπὴ ὅσον δεῖ Thuc. — (на)сколько нужно;ἐπὴ (σ)μικρόν Soph., Arst.; — немного, мало;ἐπὴ μεῖζον κοσμῆσαί τι Thuc. — чрезмерно разукрасить что-л.;ἐπὴ γελοιότερα Plat. — выставляя на смех;ἐπὴ τὸ ἄπειρον Arst. — до бесконечности, бесконечно;ἐπὴ τὸ χεῖρον Arst. — к худшему, во вред;ἐπὴ (τὸ) πολύ Xen., Arst.; — во многих случаях, (очень) частоIIadv.1) поверх, наверху, сверхуἐπὴ ἄλφιτα πάλυνεν Hom. — поверх (Гекамеда) насыпала муки;
χυτέν ἐπὴ γαῖαν ἔχευαν Hom. — сверху (над могилой Патрокла) насыпали курган2) тогда, затем3) а также, сверх того, далееἐπὴ δὲ πλήξιππον Ὀρέστην Hom. — (Гектор и Арей убили) также искусного наездника Ореста
II.Iанастрофически = ἐπί См. επι IIIοὐ γὰρ ἔπ΄ ἀνήρ, οἷος Ὀδυσσεὺς ἔσκεν Hom. — ибо нет мужа, каким был Одиссей;
ἔπι τοι καὴ ἐμοὴ θάνατος Hom. — ибо ведь и надо мной нависла смерть -
15 μετα
I.I(ᾰ) adv.1) в том числе, посреди, вместе, заодно(μ. δ΄ υἱὸν ἐμόν Hom.)
μ. δὲ Ἀθήνη Hom. — и среди них Афина;μ. δ΄ ἀνέρες, οὓς ἔχε γῆρας Hom. — а также мужи, достигшие старости2) вслед затем, потом(πρῶτος ἐγὼ μ. δ΄ ὔμμες Hom.)
μ. δὲ ὥπλισε τοὺς ὑπολειφθέντας τῶν Μήδων Her. — затем (Астиаг) вооружил оставшихся мидянII(возможна анастрофа, напр.: ὅπλων μέτα = μετὰ ὅπλων)(1) между, среди, в числе, вместе с(μ. ἄλλων ἑταίρων Hom.)
τῶν μέτα παλλόμενος Hom. — когда (я) совместно с ними тянул жребий;τὸν μ. ἄστρων Ζῆνα! Eur. — клянусь живущим среди звезд Зевсом!;μ. Βοιωτῶν μάχεσθαι Hom. — сражаться совместно с беотийцами;μ. ἄλλων ὄντες Xen. — находясь среди других;μ. οὐδενὸς ἀνδρῶν ναίων Soph. — ни с кем (вместе) не обитая, т.е. вдали от людей;μ. τινος εἶναι или στῆναι Thuc., Xen.; — быть с кем-л., т.е. быть чьим-л. сторонником, приверженцем;οἱ μ. Κύρου Xen. — приверженцы Кира;οἱ μεθ΄ ἑαυτοῦ στρατιῶται Xen. — его солдаты;οἱ μ. αὐτοῦ Plat. — его спутники(2) посредством, путем, с помощью(μ. λόγου τε καὴ ἐπιστήμης Plat.)
μ. τοῦ σώματος γνῶναι Plat. — познать через посредство тела, т.е. посредством ощущений;μ. πλείστων πόνων καὴ ἀγώνων Lys. — долгими усилиями и долгой борьбой;μεθ΄ ὅπλων Eur. — (с) оружием, т.е. силою оружия;μ. θεῶν Plat. — с помощью богов(3) при, в сопровождении(μ. κιθάρας Eur.)
ἀρετέ μ. φρονήσεως Plat. — просвещенная добродетель;μ. κακῆς ἐλπίδος Plat. — с дурными предчувствиями;μ. μέθης Plat. — в состоянии опьянения;μ. παιδιᾶς καὴ οἴνου Thuc. — под влиянием шаловливости и вина;μ. τέχνης Plat. — с (большим) искусством, искусно;μ. τοῦ δικαίου Plat. — по справедливости;δικαιοσύνη μ. φρονήσεως Plat. — справедливость в сочетании с рассудительностью(4) сообразно, в соответствииμ. καιροῦ Thuc. — в соответствии с обстоятельствами
(1) среди, между, в числе, у(ἢ μ. Τρώεσσι ὁμιλέοι ἢ μ. Ἀχαιοῖς Hom.)
μ. ἄλλων λαῷ Aesch. — вместе с другими;ὃς θεὸς ἔσκε μ. ἀνδράσιν Hom. — (Гектор) был как бог среди мужей;ἀλλά τοι ἔντεα μ. Τρώεσσιν ἔχονται Hom. — но твои доспехи у троянцев;μ. Ἀχαιῶν νηυσίν Hom. — среди (у, вблизи) ахейских кораблей;τοῦτο μ. ἀθανάτοισι τέκμωρ Hom. — это - порука для (у) богов(2) среди, в(μ. φρεσί Hom.)
μ. πνοιῇς ἀνέμοιο Hom. — с дыханием ветра, по ветру;μεθ΄ αἵματι καὴ κονίῃσι Hom. — в крови и в прахе;μ. κύμασι Hes. — в волнах;μ. γένυσσιν и μ. γαμφηλῇσιν Hom. — в челюстях;μ. χερσί Hes., Soph.; — в руках(1) вслед за, после(μεθ΄ ἅμαξαν ἔρχεσθαι Hom.)
κάλλιστος μ. Πηλείωνα Hom. — самый красивый после Пелиона;ποταμὸς μέγιστος μ. Ἴστρον Her. — самая длинная после Истра река;ἔπειτα μεθ΄ Ἕκτορα Hom. — тотчас же после Гектора;μ. τοῦτον τὸν χρόνον, μ. τοῦτο и μ. ταῦτα Thuc., Xen. etc. — после этого, вслед за этим;μ. μικρόν Luc. — немного спустя;μ. τὸν ἑξέτη Plat. — когда он достигнет шестилетнего возраста;κατὰ τὰς μ. τὸν Μῆδον σπονδάς Thuc. — на основании договора, (заключенного) после Мидийской войны;μεθ΄ ἡμέραν Eur. — после рассвета, т.е. днем(2) (на вопрос «куда?») по направлению к, в(σφαῖραν ῥίπτειν μ. τινα Hom.)
βάλλειν τινὰ μ. ἔριδας καὴ νείκεα Hom. — вовлекать кого-л. в раздоры и вражду;(3) (на вопрос «зачем?») за, дляμεθ΄ ὕλην Hom. — за дровами;
πλεῖν μ. χαλκόν Hom. — плыть за медью;μ. πατρὸς ἀκουήν Hom. — с целью услышать (что-л.) об отце;πευσόμενος μ. σὸν κλέος Hom. — чтобы разузнать о тебе;πόλεμον μέτα θωρήσσεσθαι Hom. — снаряжаться для боя(4) между, средиμ. χεῖρας Her. — в руках;
πᾶσι μ. πληθύν Hom. — среди (во) всех собравшихся;μ. ὁμήλικας Hom. — среди сверстниковприставка, обозначающая:1) общность, соучастие (μετέχω)2) общение, совместное действие (μεταδαίνυμαι)3) промежуточность, положение между чем-л. (μεταιχμιος, μεταπαύομαι)4) следование в пространстве или во времена (μεταδιώκω, μετόπωρον)5) изменение, перемена (μεταρρέω, μεταπείθω)6) перемещение (μεταστρέφω, μεταρρίπτω)7) отпускание, освобождение (μεθίημι)II.I= μετά См. μετα II ( анастрофа)II(= μέτεστι) существует, имеется, есть(οὐ γάρ τις μ. τοῖος ἀνέρ ἐν τοῖσδεσι πᾶσιν Hom.)
οὐδὲν αὐτῷ τῶν ἐμῶν μ΄ εἴργειν μ. Soph. — нет у него (права) отрывать меня от родных;οὐδὲν γὰρ ἐμοὴ ἔτι τούτων μ. Her. — ибо ничего из этих (сокровищ) у меня больше нет -
16 παρα
I.I(ρᾰ), эп.-поэт. πᾰραί и ( обычно перед δέ, часто перед π и ν, реже перед γ, ζ, ξ, σ, τ и др.) πάρ adv. подле, возле, рядом, вблизи Hom.κατεῖδον δὲ δύ΄ Αἴαντε …, παρὰ δὲ Μηριόνην Eur. — я увидел обоих Эантов …, а рядом Мериона
IIэп.-поэт. πᾰραί и πάρ (см. παρά См. παρα I)(1) от, со стороныἐλθεῖν παρά τινος Hom. — прийти от (лица) кого-л.;τὰ παρὰ βασιλέως ἀπαγγεῖλαι Xen. — объявить условия от имени царя;ὅ παρ΄ ἐμοῦ Xen. — мой посланец;δέχεσθαί τι παρά τινος Thuc. — получить что-л. от (у) кого-л.;νόστοιο τυχεῖν παρά τινος Hom. — получить возможность возвращения (на родину) благодаря кому-л.;λαμβάνειν τι παρά τινος Xen., Soph.; — брать (отнимать) что-л. у кого-л.;ἀκούειν (μανθάνειν, πυνθάνεσθαι) παρά τινος Her. — слышать (узнавать) от кого-л.;πρίασθαί τι παρά τινος Hom. — покупать что-л. у кого-л.;παρ΄ αὑτου τι εὑρίσκειν Plat. — самому изобрести что-л.;παρ΄ ἐμαυτοῦ οὐδὲν αὐτῶν ἐννενόηκα Plat. — сам от себя я ничего из этого не придумал (бы);παρ΄ ἑωϋτοῦ διδόναι Her. — (вы)давать из собственных средств;νόμον θεῖναι παρά τινος Plat. — провести закон по чьему-л. указанию;τῆς παρά τινος εὐνοίας ἐπιμελεῖσθαι Xen. — стараться заручиться чьим-л. расположением(2) в знач. лат. a(b) при abl. auctorisτὰ παρὰ σοῦ λεγόμενα Xen. — сказанное тобою;
ἥ παρ΄ ἐκείνου τιμωρία Xen. — исходящее от него взыскание, т.е. налагаемое им взыскание;παρὰ πάντων ὁμολογεῖται Xen. — всеми признается;ἥ παρὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων δόξα Plat. — людская молва, общественное мнение(3) рядом с, возле, близ, уπαρ΄ Ἰσμηνοῦ ῥείθρων Soph. — у вод (реки) Исмена;
παρὰ Κυανεᾶν σπιλάδων Soph. — близ Кианейских скал(1) рядом, при, у(παρά τινι μένειν, στῆναι и κεῖσθαι Hom.)
παρὰ θύρῃσιν Hom. — у ворот, перед домом;δαίνυσθαι παρ΄ ἀλόχῳ καὴ τέκεσσιν Hom. — обедать (сидя) рядом с женой и детьми;παρά τινι μέγα δύνασθαι Plat. — обладать большой властью над кем-л. или пользоваться большим авторитетом у кого-л.;παρ΄ ἑαυτῷ γενέσθαι Plut. — прийти в себя(2) кφοιτᾶν παρά τινι Plut., Luc.; — приходить к кому-л., посещать кого-л.
(3) перед (лицом), в присутствии, при(παρὰ τῷ βασιλεῖ Her.; παρὰ δικασταῖς Thuc.)
παρὰ Δαρείῳ κριτῇ Her. — по суждению Дария(4) в течение, во время(παρὰ τυραννίδι Pind.)
παρὰ τοῖς ἐμφυλίοις πολέμοις Plut. — во время междоусобных войнοἱ παρ΄ ἐμοί Xen. — мои (близкие, родные или слуги);
τὰ παρ΄ ἐμοί Xen. — мои дела (обстоятельства, условия, средства);ἥ παρ΄ ἡμῖν πολιτεία Dem. — наше государство;ὅ παρ΄ αὐτῷ βίοτος Soph. — своя собственная жизнь(1) (по направлению) к(ἴμεν παρὰ νῆας Hom.; πέμπειν τινὰ παρά τινα Xen.)
ἥ παρά τινα εἴσοδος Xen. — доступ к кому-л.;παρ΄ ἀσπίδα Xen. — в направлении щита, т.е. в левую сторону, влево(2) у, при, близπαρὰ τέν ὁδόν Xen. — у или близ дороги;
παρὰ τέν θάλατταν Plat. — у (на берегу) моря;ἥ παρὰ θάλασσαν Μακεδονία Thuc. — приморская Македония;παρ΄ ὄμμα Eur. — перед глазами(3) вдоль, мимоπαρὰ θῖνα θαλάσσης Hom. — вдоль морского берега;
παρὰ τέν Βαβυλῶνα παριέναι Xen. — миновать Вавилон(4) в течение, во время(παρὰ πάντα τὸν βίον Plat.)
παρὰ πότον Xen. — во время попойки;παρὰ τέν κύλικα Plut. — за бокалом (вина)(5) в минуту, в моментπαρὰ τὰ δεινά Plut. — в минуту опасности;
παρ΄ αὐτὰ τἀδικήματα Dem. — в самый момент преступления;παρ΄ ἕκαστον και ἔργον καὴ λόγον Plat. — по поводу каждого действия и (каждого) слова(6) наряду с, по сравнению с, в сопоставлении с(οὐδὲν φαίνεσθαι παρά τι Her.)
παρὰ τὰ ἄλλα ζῷα Xen. — по сравнению с другими живыми существами;παρὰ τὰ ἐκ τοῦ πρὴν χρόνου Thuc. — по сравнению с тем, что было раньшеπαρ΄ ὀλίγον ποιεῖσθαί τινα Xen. — невысоко ставить кого-л.;
παρ΄ οὐδὲν ἄγειν τι Soph. — не придавать никакого значения чему-л.;παρ΄ ὅσον Luc. — (настолько) насколько;παρὰ τοσοῦτον Thuc. — вот насколько, вот до чегоπαρ΄ ἦμαρ Soph., παρ΄ ἑκάστην ἡμέραν Plat., Xen.; — изо дня в день, день ото дня;
παρ΄ ἐνιαυτόν Plut. — из года в год;παρὰ μῆνα τρίτον Arst. — каждый третий месяц, т.е. раз в три месяца;πληγέν παρὰ πληγήν Arph. — удар за ударом;ἓν παρ΄ ἕν Plut. — одно за другим(9) в соответствии с, на основании, поὀνομάζειν τι παρ΄ ὃ βουλόμεθα Plat. — называть что-л. так, как мы хотим;
οὐ παρὰ ταῦτ΄ ἐστιν (sc. τὸ κοινόν) Isocr. — не от этого зависит общественное благо(10) вследствие, из-за(παρὰ τέν ἀμέλειαν Thuc.; μέ παρὰ ἀποδειλίασιν, ἀλλὰ παρὰ εὐλάβειαν Polyb.)
(11) за исключением, кроме, помимо(παρὰ πέντε ναῦς Thuc.; παρὰ πάντα ταῦτα ἕτερόν τι Plat.)
οὐκ ἔστι παρὰ ταῦτ΄ ἄλλα Arph. — ничего кроме этого невозможно, т.е. иначе нельзя;ἀεὴ παρ΄ ὀλίγον ἢ διέφευγον ἢ ἀπώλλυντο Thuc. — (афинские войска) были постоянно на волосок то от спасения, то от гибели;παρ΄ ὀλίγον ἀπέφυγες ὄλεθρον Eur. — ты едва избежал гибели;παρὰ τρεῖς ψήφους Dem. — так как не хватало трех голосов(12) против, вопреки, сверхπὰρ δύναμιν Hom. — сверх (своей) возможности;
παρὰ μοῖραν Hom. — вразрез с обычаями;παρὰ τὰ σοὴ δοκοῦντα Plat. — вопреки тому, что тебе желательно;παρὰ τὰς σπονδάς Xen. — в нарушение перемирия;παρὰ νοῦν θροεῖν Soph. — говорить безрассудно;παρὰ τέν ἑωυτῶν φύσιν Her. — наперекор их собственному характеруII.Iанастрофически = παρά См. παρα IIII1) есть, имеетсяἡ ὄψις οὐ π. Soph. — (вы лично) этого не видели
2) можно, дозволено, следуетνῦν οἰμῶξαι π. τέν σέν ξυμφοράν Soph. — теперь нужно оплакать твое несчастье
-
17 περι
I.I(ῐ) adv. вокруг, кругомπ. τ΄ ἀμφί τε HH. — (по)всюду кругом - см. тж. πέρι I
IIанастрофически πέρῐ(1) вокруг, около(π. τρόπιος Hom.; π. Δαρδανίας Eur.)
(2) за, из-за(μάχεσθαι π. τινος Hom.; κινδυνεύειν π. τινος Her.; δεδιέναι π. τινος Plat.; π. ψυχῆς ὅ ἀγών Xen.; μάχη περί τινος Plat.)
(3) касательно, насчет, о(π. τινος ἀκουέμεναι Hom.; π. τινος διαλέγεσθαι Xen.)
π. μὲν δέ βρώσεως καὴ πόσεως Xen. — что же касается пищи и питья;ἀριθμοῦ δὲ πέρι Her. — что же касается количества;περὴ γενέσεως καὴ φθορᾶς Plat. — (вопрос) о возникновении и гибели;τοῦ πέρι ; Plat. — насчет чего?(4) с целью, для, радиπ. τοῦ τιμωρήσασθαι Φίλιππον Dem. — чтобы отомстить Филиппу
(5) поверх, по(π. γᾶς Sappho)
(6) вышеπ. πάντων ἔμμεναι ἄλλων Hom. — быть выше всех прочих;
π. πάντων κρατερός Hom. — сильнейший из всех;π. παντὸς ποιεῖσθαι Xen. — ставить выше всего;π. πολλοῦ ποιεῖσθαι Thuc. — ставить высоко;π. ὀλίγου ποιεῖσθαι Xen. — невысоко ставить;π. οὐδενὸς ἡγεῖσθαι Lys. — ни во что не ставить(1) вокруг, около(π. στήθεσσι Hom.; π. τῇσι κεφαλῇσι Her.; π. τῇ χειρί Plat.)
ἑσταότες π. Πατρόκλῳ Hom. — стоящие вокруг (тела) Патрокла(2) с помощью, посредствомπ. δουρὴ πεπαρμένος Hom. — пронзенный копьем
(3) возле, рядом с, у, при(π. πύλῃσι Hom.; νεκρὸς π. νεκρῷ Soph.)
(4) за, из-за(π. τινι μάχεσθαι Hom.; π. τινι φοβεῖσθαι Thuc.)
(5) касательно, насчетθαρρεῖν π. τινι Plat. — питать доверие, т.е. быть уверенным насчет чего-л.
(6) вследствие, в связи с, из-за(π. φόβῳ Aesch.)
π. αὑτῷ Thuc. — по собственной вине(7) целиком, вполнеπ. κῆρι, π. φρεσίν или π. θυμῷ Hom. — всем сердцем, от всей души;
π. σθένεϊ Hom. — изо всех сил(1) кругом, около, вокруг(π. τινα, π. ἄστυ Hom.; π. στρατόπεδον Xen.)
ἥ ἀγορὰ ἥ π. τὰ ἀρχεῖα Xen. — площадь вокруг официальных учреждений;οἱ π. Ἡράκλειτον Plat. — последователи Гераклита;οἱ π. τὸν Πείσανδρον Thuc. — Писандр и его спутники(2) рядом с, у, при, возле(ἥ π. Λέσβον ναυμαχία Xen.)
οἱ π. τέν θάλατταν οἰκοῦντες Plat. — обитающие у моря;π. τέν κρήνην Plat. — у источника(3) (при глаголах со знач. столкновения) на, оπ. λίθον πεσεῖν Arph. — упасть на (т.е. удариться о) камень;
π. ἀλλήλους Thuc. — (столкнуться) друг с другом(4) в пределах, в области, вπ. Πιερίην Her. — в Пиерии;
τὰ π. τέν Αἴγυπτον γεγονότα Her. — то, что произошло в Египте(5) среди, у(π. τοὺς βαρβάρους ἢ τοὺς Ἕλληνας Plat.)
(6) приблизительно, около(π. τούτους τοὺς χρόνους Thuc.; π. ἑξήκοντα Plat.)
π. λύχνων ἁφάς Her. — около того времени, когда зажигаются огни(7) (при глаголах со смыслом работы, занятия) над, насчет ( обычно не переводится)π. τι πονεῖσθαι Hom. — трудиться над чем-л.;
οἱ π. τέν ποίησιν ὄντες Isocr. — те, которые занимаются поэзией;οἱ π. τέν θήραν Plat. — охотники(8) по отношению к(ἄδικος π. τινα Xen.; εὐσεβεῖν π. θεούς Plat.)
(9) касательно, насчет, оτὰ π. Κῦρον Her. — то, что касается Кира;
τὰ π. τὰς ναῦς Thuc. — мореходное дело;οἱ νόμοι οἱ π. τοὺς γάμους Plat. — законы о браке;ὄργανα ὅσα π. γεωργίαν Plat. — сельскохозяйственные орудияοἱ π. Λυσίαν λόγοι Plat. — речи Лисия
II.Iadv. превыше всего, весьма, чрезвычайно(φιλεῖν τινα Hom.)
ἣ π. κέρδεα οἶδεν Hom. — (Пенелопа), которая чрезвычайно искушена в хитростяхIIанастрофически = περί См. περι II -
18 περιξ
Iadv. [περί]1) кругом, вокруг(π. ὑπορρύσσειν τὸ τεῖχος Her.; π. πολιορκεῖν Thuc.)
κύκλῳ π. Aesch. — сплошным кольцом;τὰ π. ἔθνη Xen. — окрестные племена;ὅ π. χρόνος Arst. — прошлое и будущее2) перен. вкривь, непрямо, с лукавствомπᾶν π. φρονοῦντες Eur. — криводушные (вероломные) люди
II(νῆσον π. Aesch.; π. τὸ τεῖχος Her.; π. τῆς τύρσιος Xen.; π. πύργοισι Eur.)
-
19 προς
Iэп.-дор. προτί, дор. ποτί adv. (тж. π. δὲ, π. δὲ καὴ, καὴ π. и др.) а также, к тому же, сверх того(καὴ π. γε παννυχίδα ποιήσουσιν Plat.)
ἅπερ τελεῖται, π. δ΄ ἃ βούλομαι λέγω Aesch. — я говорю о том, что свершится и чего я, к тому же, желаю;τάδε λέγω δράσω τε π. Eur. — вот что я говорю и что также сделаюIIэп.-дор. προτί, дор. ποτί(1) от, из, со стороны(ἵκετο π. ἠοίων ἀνθρώπων Hom.; π. τοῦ ποταμοῦ Xen.)
νῆσοι π. Ἤλιδος Hom. — соседние с Элидой острова;ἀκούειν τι π. τινος Hom. — слышать что-л. от кого-л.;πάσχειν π. τινος Soph. — страдать οτ чего-л.;ἔχειν ἔπαινον π. τινος Xen. — получать одобрение от кого-л.;πειθὼ κακοῦ π. ἀνδρός Soph. — совет злого человека;δόξα π. ἀνθρώπων Eur. — слава среди людей;ἔρημος π. τινος Soph. — покинутый кем-л.;τὸ ποιεύμενον π. τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων Her. — образ действий лакедемонян;π. Διός εἰσι ξεῖνοι Hom. — иноземцы находятся под покровительством Зевса;καὴ τὰ π. πατρὸς καὴ τὰ π. μητρός Dem. — как со стороны отца, так и со стороны матери;πρόγονοι π. ἀνδρῶν Plat. — предки по мужской линии;οἱ π. αἵματος Soph. — кровные родственники;ὁμολογεῖται π. πάντων κράτιστος γενέσθαι Xen. — по общему мнению, он - лучший(2) по отношению(δρᾶν οὐδὲν ἄδικον π. ἀνθρώπων Thuc.)
(3) применительно, соответственно, поπ. δίκης Soph. — по справедливости, с полным основанием;
ἐάν τι ἡμῖν π. λόγου ᾖ Plat. — если это имеет какое-л. отношение к нашей беседе;ὡς π. ἀνδρὸς εὐγενοῦς Eur. — как подобает благородному человеку;οὐ π. σοῦ λέγεις Xen. — ты говоришь нечто, недостойное тебя;οὐκ ἦν π. τοῦ Κύρου τρόπου Xen. — (это) было не в характере Кира(4) перед (лицом)ὅ τι δίκαιόν ἐστι καὴ π. θεῶν καὴ π. ἀνθρώπων Xen. — то, что справедливо как в глазах богов, так и в глазах людей
(5) за, в пользу(π. τινος λέγειν Arph.)
π. ἡμέων γίνεσθε Her. — переходите на нашу сторону;π. ἀνδρὸς φοβουμένη Soph. — боясь за мужа;(6) именем, во имя(ἐπιορκεῖν π. δαίμονος Hom.)
γουνάζεσθαί τινα π. πατρός Hom. — умолять кого-л. (заклиная) именем отца;π. Χαρίτων, μηδεὴς ἀπιστήσῃ τοῖς λεχθησομένοις Luc. — ради Харит, пусть никто не усомнится в том, что я скажу;π. θεῶν Dem. — клянусь богами(7) из-за, вследствиеπ. τῆς τύχης Soph. — по воле судьбы;
π. ἀμπλακημάτων Soph. — из-за (собственных) прегрешений;π. τίνος ποτ΄ αἰτίας ; Soph. — по какой же причине?(1) к(πασσαλεύειν π. πέτραις Aesch.)
π. ἀλλήλῃσιν ἔχεσθαι Hom. — быть прижатым друг к другу(2) на(π. βωμῷ σφαγείς Aesch.; π. πέδῳ κεῖσθαι Soph.)
σχολάζειν π. τινι Xen. — быть занятым чем-л.;π. τῷ εἰρημένῳ λόγῳ εἶναι Plat. — быть поглощенным тем, что сказано;(3) о, обνῆας π. σπιλάδεσσιν ἆξαι Hom. — разбить корабли об утесы
(4) у, при, возле(π. τῷ Εὐφράτῃ ποταμῷ Xen.)
αἱ π. θαλάττῃ πόλεις Xen. — приморские города;Λίβυες π. Αἰγύπτῳ Thuc. — сопредельные Египту ливийцы;π. τῇ χώρᾳ Dem. — у границ страны(5) сверх, кромеπ. τούτοις οἷς λέγει Xen. — сверх того, что он говорит;
π. τοῖς ἄλλοις Thuc. — сверх (помимо) всего прочего;δέκα μῆνας π. ἄλλοις πέντε Soph. — десять да еще пять месяцев(6) в присутствии, перед(π. τοῖς θεσμοθέταις λέγειν Dem.)
(1) ( движение или положение) к, по направлению к, в, на(εἶμι π. Ὄλυμπον, ἄγειν τινὰ π. οἶκον Hom.)
π. κίονα ἐρείσας Hom. — прислонившись к столбу;π. στῆθος βαλεῖν Hom. — ударить в грудь;χῶρον π. αὐτὸν τόνδε Soph. — в этом же самом месте;κλαίειν π. οὐρανόν Hom. — воссылать мольбы к небесам;σεσωφρονισμένως π. τι ὁρᾶν Aesch. — благоразумно (спокойно) взирать на что-л.;π. ἠῶ τε καὴ ἡλίου ἀνατολάς Her. — на востоке, с восточной стороны;ἀκτέ π. Τυρσηνίην τετραμμένη Her. — мыс, обращенный в сторону Тиррении;π. μεσημβρίαν Xen. — к югу;εἰσελθεῖν πρός τινα NT. — зайти к кому-л.(2) около, у, возлеπ. γοῦνά τινος καθίζεσθαι Hom. — присесть у чьих-л. ног;
π. ἕω Arph. и π. ἡμέραν Plat. — на рассвете;π. ἑσπέραν Xen. — под вечер;(3) обращаясь к ( обычно переводится дательным без предлога)π. ἀλλήλους ἀγορεύειν Hom. — говорить между собой;
ἀποκρίνεσθαι π. τινα Her. — отвечать кому-л.;μνησθῆναί τινος π. τινα Lys. — напомнить кому-л. о чем-л.;ταῦτα π. τὸν Πιττακὸν εἴρηται Plat. — это сказано в виде возражения Питтаку(4) с(παίζειν π. τινα Eur.; π. τοὺς Ἀθηναίους ξυμμαχίαν ποιεῖν Thuc.)
(5) против(π. Τρῶας μάχεσθαι Hom.)
π. δαίμονα Hom. — вопреки божеству(6) по отношению к(ἥ π. τινα φιλία Xen.)
π. ἀλλήλους ἔχθραι Aesch. — взаимная вражда;χρήσιμος π. τι Plat. — полезный для чего-л.;филос. τὸ и τὰ πρός τι Arst. — отношение;τὰ Κύρου οὕτως ἔχει π. ἡμᾶς, ὥσπερ τὰ ἡμέτερα π. ἐκεῖνον Xen. — отношения Кира к нам таковы же, как наши к нему;οὐδὲν ἐμοὴ π. ἐκείνους Isocr. — у меня нет с ними ничего общего;καταλλάττεσθαί τι π. τι Plat. — обменивать что-л. на что-л.;οὐδὲν π. ἐμέ Dem. — (это) нисколько меня не касается;τὰ π. τὸν πόλεμον Xen. — военные дела (обстоятельства);τὰ π. τοὺς θεούς Soph. — наши обязанности по отношению к богам(7) перед (лицом), в присутствии(μαρτυρῆσαι π. τοὺς δικαστάς Plut.)
γράφεσθαι π. τοὺς θεσμοθέτας Dem. — предстать перед судом тесмотетов;π. ὑμᾶς Dem. — в вашем присутствии(8) вследствие, из-за, ввидуπ. τέν καταλαβοῦσαν συμφορήν Her. — в виду случившегося несчастья;
π. ταύτην τέν φήμην Her. — по поводу этого замечания;π. τί ; Soph. — зачем?, для чего?;μήτε π. ἔχθραν μήτε π. χάριν Dem. — ни в силу вражды, ни в силу благосклонности(9) по сравнению с(π. τὸν Κῦρον Her.)
μείζων π. πᾶσαν χώρην Her. — больший, чем во всякой (другой) стране;σμικρότητα ἔχειν π. τὸ μέγεθός τινος Plat. — быть маленьким по сравнению с (большой) величиной чего-л.;ὥσπερ πέντε π. τρία Arst. — (относиться) как пять к трем(10) сообразно, в соответствии, согласно, поπ. τέν ἀξίαν Xen. — по заслугам или по рангу;
π. αὐλὸν ὀρχεῖσθαι Xen. — плясать под звуки свирели;π. καιρόν Soph. — кстати;π. βίαν Aesch. — силой, насилием(11) вдобавок к, сверх, кромеπ. ταῦτα Plat. — кроме того;
π. κακοῖσι πέμπειν κακόν Soph. — добавлять к бедствиям (еще одно) бедствие(12) с целью, дляπ. τὸ ἐπιδραμεῖν Xen. — для набегов;
π. τοῦτο Xen. — для этого;π. ἡδονήν τι λέγειν Thuc. — говорить для того (лишь), чтобы доставить удовольствие(13) по поводу, оβουλεύεσθαι π. τι Xen. — совещаться о чем-л.
(14) около, приблизительно(π. ἑβδομήκοντα Polyb.)
-
20 υπο
I(ῠ) adv. внизу, снизуτρομέει δ΄ ὑ. γυῖα Hom. — ноги дрожат подо мной;
πῖαρ ὕπ΄ οὖδας Hom. — внизу (находится) тучная почва;ὑ. δὲ φαρετρεῶνες ἐκρέμαντο Her. — снизу же висели колчаныIIэп.-поэт. тж. ὑπαί ( перед δ и π), в анастрофе ὕπο, in elisione ὑπ΄ - перед придых. ὑφ΄(1) из-подὑ. βλεφάρων Hom. — из-под век:ὑ. χθονός Hes. — из-под земли (ср. 2)(2) под (на вопросы «куда» и «где»)ὑ. χθονός Hom. (ср. 1) и ὑ. γῆς Plat. — под землей или под землю;
οἱ ὑ. χθονός Aesch., Soph. — погребенные, умершие;λαβεῖν ὑ. μάλης τι Plat. — взять что-л. под мышку;ὑ. στέρνοιο τυχεῖν Hom. — поразить под (самую) грудь;ὑ. τῆς αἰθρίας Xen. — под открытым небом(3) у подножия(ὑ. τῆς πλατάνου Plat.)
(4) от, изτὸ ὑπό τινος λοιπόν Dem. — остаток от чего-л.;
λύεσθαι ἵππους ὑ. ζυγοῦ Hom. — распрягать лошадей(5) от, из-за, по причинеδαμῆναι δουρὴ ὑ. τινος Hom. — пасть от чьего-л. копья;
χαλεπῶς ἔχειν ὑ. τραυμάτων Plat. — тяжело страдать от ран;ἀϋσάντων ὑπ΄ Ἀχαιῶν Hom. — от крика ахейцев;ὑπ΄ ἀνάγκης Hom. — поневоле;ὀργῆς ὕπο Eur. — из-за гнева;ὑ. ταύτης τῆς αἰτίας Plat. — по этой причине;ὑπ΄ ἄλγους Aesch. и ὑπ΄ ὀδύνης Plat. — от боли;ὑπ΄ ἀγνοίας Aesch. — по незнанию;ὑφ΄ ἡδονῆς Soph. — из-за (ради) удовольствия;μνήμης ὕπο Soph. — по памяти;ὑ. ἀπλοίας Thuc. — вследствие неблагоприятных для плавания условий;ὑ. τῆς παρεούσης συμφορῆς Her. — ввиду случившегося несчастья(6) с, при, в сопровожденииὑπ΄ αὐλοῦ Hes., Her. — под звуки свирели;
ὑπ΄ οἰωνῶν καλῶν Eur. — при благоприятных предзнаменованиях;ἄελλα ὑ. βροντῆς Hom. — буря с громом;ὑπὸ φανοῦ Xen. — при свете факела;ὑπὸ σκότου Soph., Xen. — во тьме, перен. втайне;ὑ. πομπῆς Her. — в торжественном шествии;ὑ. θυσιῶν καὴ ὑ. εὐχῶν Plat. — среди жертвоприношений и молитв;ὑ. μαστίγων Her. — под ударами бичей;ὑπ΄ εὐκλείας θανεῖν Eur. — умереть со славой(7) в подчинении уλαοὴ ὑπ΄ αὐτοῦ Hom. — управляемые им народные массы;
ὑπ΄ ὀρφανιστῶν Soph. — под властью опекунов(8) при обознач. действующего лица (ср. англ. by, франц. par), в переводе обычно опускается; существительное переводится творительным падежом, иногда же может быть передано выражениями из-за, через посредство, благодаря и т.п.εὖ πράττειν ὑ. τινος Soph. — быть облагодетельствованным кем-л.;
αἰτίας ἔχειν ὑ. τινος Xen. — быть обвиненным кем-л.;εἶναι ἐν ἀξιώματι ὑπό τινος Thuc. — быть в почете у кого-л.;ὑπ΄ ἀγγέλων Plat. — через (посредство) гонцов;ἥ ὑ. πάντων τιμή Xen. — всеобщее уважение;εὖ ἀκούειν ὑπό τινος Xen. — пользоваться хорошей репутацией у кого-л.;τὸ ὑ. τοῦ νόμου ἐπίταγμα Plat. — предписанное законом;ἥ ὑπό τινος παίδευσις Xen. — полученное от кого-л. воспитание(1) под(ὑ. δρυΐ, ὑπ΄ οὐρανῷ Hom.; ὑ. τῷ ἱματίῳ Plat.)
(2) из-под(ὑ. ποσσὴ κονίσαλος ὤρνυτο Hom.)
(3) у подножия(τείχει ὕπο Τρώων Hom.)
ὑ. ὄρει Xen. — у подошвы горы;ὑ. τῇ ἀκροπόλει Her. — у основания акрополя(4) под управлением, в зависимости от(ὑπό τινι εἶναι Thuc., Plat.)
τὰ θηρία τὰ ὑ. τοῖς ἀνθρώποις Plat. — подвластные людям животные;ὑφ΄ ἑαυτῷ ἔχειν Xen. — иметь в своей власти;ὑφ΄ ἑαυτῷ ποιεῖσθαι Her. — подчинить себе;τὸ ὑ. ταῖς γεωμετρίαις τέχναις Plat. — относящееся к области пространственных искусств;ὑ. Καίσαρι στρατεΰεσθαι Plut. — служить в армии под началом Цезаря;ὑ. πόλεσι καὴ νόμοις οἰκεῖν Isocr. — жить в условиях государственности и законности(5) от, из-за, по причинеὑ. χερσί τινος θανέειν Hom. — умереть от чьей-л. руки;
ὑ. δουρὴ τυπείς Hom. — пораженный копьем(6) (при обозначении действующего лица, ср. англ. by, франц. par; в переводе обычно опускается)ὑπό τινος κτεινόμενος Hom. — пораженный кем-л.;
τὸν ὑπ΄ Ἀδμήτῳ τέκε Ἄλκηστις Hom. — (Эвмел), которого Алкестида родила от Адмета;(7) в сопровожденииὑ. τυμπάνοις Luc. — под звуки тимпанов;
ὑ. σκότῳ Aesch., Eur. — во тьме, перен. тайком, втайне;ὑ. πομπῇ τινος Hom. — в сопровождении кого-л.;ὑ. φωτὴ πολλῷ Plut. — при ярком свете(1) под, в (на вопросы «куда?» и «где?»)ὑ. ζυγὸν ἄγειν ἵππους Hom. — подводить под ярмо, т.е. запрягать лошадей;ὑ. σπέος Hom. — в пещеру;ὑ. δικαστήριον ἄγειν τινά Her. — вести кого-л. в судилище;ὑ. Ἴλιον ἐλθεῖν Hom. — прийти под стены Илиона;ὑπ΄ ἠῶ τ΄ ἠέλιόν τε Hom. — под восходящим и взошедшим солнцем, т.е. на целом свете(2) под покровом, под защитой, заκατακρύπτειν τινὰ ὑ. τέν θύρην Her. — скрывать кого-л. за дверью;
ὑ. τὸν ἱμάτιον Luc. — под плащом;ὑ. τινα ἰέναι Hom. — спрятаться за кого-л.;ὑ. τὸν πεζὸν στρατόν Her. — под защитой сухопутной армии(3) у подножияὑ. τὸ ὄρος Hom., Xen. — у подошвы горы;
ὑ. τέν ἀκρόπολιν Thuc. — у основания акрополя;ὑ. τινα καθίζεσθαι Plut. — садиться ниже кого-л.;τὰ ὑ. τέν ἄρκτον Her. — северные (полярные) области(4) в зависимости от, в подчинении уγενέσθαι ὑ. τινα Thuc. — оказаться под чьей-л. властью;
οἱ ὑ. Μήδους Xen. — подданные мидийского царства;οἱ ὑφ΄ αὑτῷ ἄρχοντες Xen. — подчиненные ему полководцы;ἄνθρωπος ὑ. ἐξουσίαν NT. — подневольный человек;ὑ. τὸ αὐτὸ εἶδος εἶναι Arst. — относиться к тому же виду;οἱ ὑπό τι τεταγμένοι Luc. — принадлежащие к какому-л. разряду;τὸ ὑ. τὸν ὁρισμόν Arst. — содержание определения(5) около, ко времениὑ. νύκτα Hom., Her. — с наступлением ночи;
ὑ. τὸν ὄρθρον NT. — на рассвете;ὑ. ταῦτα Her. и ὑ. τοῦτον τὸν χρόνον Thuc. — в это время;(6) близко кὑπό τι μικρόν Arph. — немножко, чуточку;
ὑπό τι ἄτοπος Plat. — несколько странный(7) в сопровождении, при(ὑπ΄ αὐγὰς λεύσσειν τι Eur.)
ὑπ΄ ὄρχησιν καὴ ᾠδήν Plat. — с пляской и песнями;ὑ. τὸν αὐλόν Xen. — под звуки свирели
См. также в других словарях:
cum laude — 1872, originally at Harvard, from Medieval Latin, lit. with praise, from L. cum with + laude, ablative of laus (gen. laudis) praise (see LAUD (Cf. laud)). Probably from earlier use (in Latin) at Heidelberg and other German universities … Etymology dictionary
Cæcum — Cæ|cum 〈n.; Gen.: s, Pl.: ca; Med.〉 = Zäkum … Lexikalische Deutsches Wörterbuch
NUPTIAE — a nubendo, quod nova Nupta seu Sponsa flammeô obnupta seu obvelata ad Sponsum olim deducebatur, Alias Matrimonium, Coniugium etc. erat viri et mulieris coniunctio legitima, vitae societatem continens, Ioh. Rosin. Antiqq. Rom. l. 9. c. 3. Quod… … Hofmann J. Lexicon universale
SIDON — perantiqua, opulenta, et celebris Phoenices urbs, in tribu Aser, atque insigne emporium: Chananaeorum olim ad Aquilonem respiciens terminus fuit, postea vero regionis Iudaeae, quam Sidon, primogenitus undecim filiorum Chanaan, iuxta Libani montis … Hofmann J. Lexicon universale
PULLARII — a PULLIS dicti, teste Cicerone de divin. l. 2. Attulit in cavea pullos, qui ex eo nominatur Pullarius. Hic caveae pullorum curam agebat, e quorum pastu auguria captarent Augures: quae, quoties offa, quae pullis dabatur, aliquô modô cadebat in… … Hofmann J. Lexicon universale
Cumberlandsoße — Cum|ber|land|so|ße 〈[kʌ̣mbə(r)lænd ] f.; Gen.: , Pl.: n; Kochk.〉 dickflüssige süßliche Gewürzsoße aus Johannisbeergelee u. a. Zutaten (bes. zu kaltem Wild) [Etym.: nach dem engl. Herzog von Cumberland] … Lexikalische Deutsches Wörterbuch
a — acar·a·pis; ac·a·ri·a·sis; ac·a·ri·a·sis; ac·a·ri·na; ac·a·ri·nar·i·um; ac·a·rine; ac·a·ri·nol·o·gy; ac·a·ri·no·sis; ac·a·ro·ce·cid·i·um; ac·a·roid; ac·a·rol·o·gist; ac·a·rol·o·gy; ac·a·ro·pho·bia; ac·a·rus; acat·a·lep·sy; acat·a·lex·is;… … English syllables
tion — ab·bre·vi·a·tion; ab·di·ca·tion; ab·duc·tion; ab·er·ra·tion; ab·er·ra·tion·al; ab·jec·tion; ab·junc·tion; ab·ju·ra·tion; ab·lac·ta·tion; ab·la·tion; ab·lu·tion; ab·mi·gra·tion; ab·ne·ga·tion; ab·o·li·tion; ab·o·li·tion·ary; ab·o·li·tion·dom;… … English syllables
Наиболее употребляемые в литературе по ботанике латинские сокращения — а. = annus, anno год, в году ab init. = ab initio от начала, вначале (напр., ab initio Julii mensis от начала июля). absque dubio без всякого сомнения ad до, на, по в т. п. ad fin. = ad finem до конца (напр., ad finem Julii mensis до конца июля) … Словарь ботанических терминов
PASTOR — I. PASTOR Consul cum Aeliano, An. Urb. Cond. 915. II. PASTOR Presbyter castiffimus, qui studiô castitatis servandae matrem ad se venientem cellâ clausâ repulit. III. PASTOR alius gregis dominus, alius mercenarius, μιςθωτὸς Graece, Iohann. c. 10.… … Hofmann J. Lexicon universale
SACRIFICIUM — Hebr. Gap desc: Hebrew et Gap desc: Hebrew Graecis δῶρον et θυςία, quae coniunguntur Psalmo 40. v. 6. erat in V. Test. oblatio religiosa, quâ Sacerdotis ministeriô res aliqua Deo sacrificabatur et sollenni ritu destruebatur, in symbolum cultus… … Hofmann J. Lexicon universale
